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Gerronema wildpretii sp. nov. (Agaricales, Basidiomycetes) a new species from the Canary Islands

     Departamento de Biología Vegetal (Botánica), Universidad de La Laguna, 38071 La Laguna, Tenerife, Islas Canarias, España

Marcel Bon

     Station d’Etudes en Baie de Somme, 115, Quai Jeanne d’Arc 80230. Saint Valery-sur-Somme, France

	ABSTRACT

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS TAXONOMY LITERATURE CITED

 

Gerronema wildpretii, collected in climactic sites of the monteverde forest of the Canary Islands is described and illustrated. Its macro- and microscopic features delimit this taxon as a new species.

Key words: Agaricales, Canary Islands, fungi, Gerronema wildpretii, Spain, taxonomy

	INTRODUCTION

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Several samples of a Gerronema species, growing on stumps, roots and decayed wood of several trees of the monteverde forest (Prunus lusitanica ssp. hixa, Laurus novocanariensis and Erica scoparia ssp. platycodon) were collected. This is a Mediterranean hard-leaf forest (Pruno ixae-Lauretea novocanariensis Oberdorfer 1965 corr. Rivas-Martínez et al 2002) that survives in the macaronesian archipelagos (Madeira and Canaries) as a relict forest after its disappearance during Pleistocene glaciations of Mediterranean riversides. Collections have been made in summer, possibly as a result of its subtropical affinities, but also in autumn and winter, when most agarics grow in the Canary Islands. The species seems to be close to G. strombodes (Berk. & Mont.) Singer from eastern North America ( Chrysomphalina strombodes [Berk. & Mont.] Clemençon, non ss. Clemençon, non ss. auct. eur.) by its shape and color and the presence of pileocystidia, but the pileus and the upper part of the stipe are granulose, the pileocystidia are differently shaped, the lamellae is always white, its margin fertile and provided by cheilocystidia, and the spores are larger.

	MATERIALS AND METHODS

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS TAXONOMY LITERATURE CITED

 
Basidiocarps from four Canary Islands collections were examined both macro- and microscopically with a stereo microscope (10–80x) and compound microscope (Olympus Bx 41) respectively. At least 20 spores were measured from lamellae. Microscopic structures were drawn with a camera lucida and a selected photograph was made with an Olympus Camedia C-5050 mounted on the compound microscope. Macroscopic and microscopic characters were examined from fresh material. Herbarium specimens were rehydrated in 3% KOH. All material has been deposited and preserved at the Mycologia section (Mic.) of the herbaria of the University of La Laguna, Spain (TFC), and Saint Valery sur Somme, France (herbarium M. Bon).

	TAXONOMY

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS TAXONOMY LITERATURE CITED

 
Gerronema wildpretii Bañares, Beltrán-Tej. & M. Bon, sp. nov. (FIGS. 1–4)

View larger version (21K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIG. 1. Gerronema wildpretii. a, Carpophores (after TFC Mic. 10.838). Bar = 2 cm. b, Spores. c, Basidia of lamella surface. d, Pileipellis. e, Cheilocystidia (after TFC Mic. 12.618, holotypus). Bar = 15 µm.

View larger version (37K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIG. 2. Gerronema wildpretii. Lamella edge. a, Basidium. b, Basidioles. c, Cheilocystidia (after TFC Mic. 12.618, holotypus). Bar = 10 µm.

View larger version (33K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIG. 3. Gerronema wildpretii. Pileocystidia (after TFC Mic. 10.845). Bar = 10 µm.

View larger version (144K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIG. 4. Gerronema wildpretii. Tramal tissue (after TFC Mic. 10.845). Bar = 15 µm.

HOLOTYPUS: SPAIN, CANARY ISLANDS, Tenerife, Anaga, Reserva Naturalis Integralis Ijuanae. Supra ligna putrefacta de Erica scoparia ssp. platycodon, 16 Oct 2002, Esperanza Beltrán et Javier Barrera, in Herb.TFC Mic. 12.618 conservatus est.

Etymology. – wildpretii (wildpretius), nuncupatus Doctori Wolfredo Wildpret de la Torre.

Pileus 2.5–7 cm, sometimes umbilicate but more commonly infundibuliform to deeply infundibuliform, grayish brown to dark gray (sometimes lightly orange pigmented when passing to a half dried condition; dried specimens blackish brown), slightly hygrophanous, striate from half radius to extreme margin, sometimes subcostulate, granulose toward center, granules dark brown; margin straight to strongly incurved; context white, thin, 1 mm over gills. Lamellae white, strongly decurrent, distant; lamellulae present. Stipe central, sometimes sublateral, cylindrical, usually broadened toward base, hollow, 2.5–5 x 0.4–0.8 cm, concolorous with pileus, half dried specimens sometimes with a light orange base as in pileus, granulose toward apex. Odor almost earthy. Spores broadly ellipsoid, ovoid to amygdaliform, lacking a germ pore, walls thin, smooth, inamyloid, hyaline, 8.1–9.9(10.3) x 5.5–7 µm. Basidia clavate, 1–3- spored (rarely 4-spored), (30)37.5–45 x 9–10(11) µm with sterigmata 3–4.5 µm long. Lamellae edge fertile, cheilocystidia (more frequent in small and young basidiomes) emerging within a dense hymenial layer of basidioles and basidia, hyaline, thin walled, usually containing several oil droplets, utriform to subcylindrical, sometimes with lateral projections, rarely mucronate, 35–65 x 11.5–23 µm (FIG. 2). Pileipellis of elongated cells (x 3–20 µm), hyaline or with dense intracellular pigment, ramified, sometimes with short and distant projections; clamp connections generally present. Granules on the center of pileus composed of fascicles of fusiform-pedicellate, rarely subclavate pileocystidia with brown cellular contents, 34–83.7 (92.2) x 6.8–17.5 µm (FIG. 3); similarly shaped but scarce pileocystidia also present outside the center of pileus. Tramal tissue sarcodimitic, hyphae of two types: thin-walled cylindrical to fusoid skeletal hyphae x 13.5–21 µm bonded by filamentous branched generative hyphae x 2.1–3 µm (FIG. 4). Spore print white.

Ecology. – Lignicolous, on stumps, roots and decayed wood of Prunus lusitanica ssp. hixa, Laurus novocanariensis and Erica scoparia ssp. platycodon, in climactic sites of the monteverde forest.

Material examined. – SPAIN, CANARY ISLANDS, SANTA CRUZ DE TENERIFE: Tenerife, El Pijaral (Anaga), 750 m s.m., 8 Aug 1996, on stumps and fallen branches of Prunus lusitanica ssp. hixa, leg. Ángel Bañares and Manuel V. Marrero, (TFC Mic. 10.845, Duplic. in Herb. M. Bon); La Gomera, Jardín de las Creces (Garajonay National Park), 20 Jan 2001, on decayed wood of Laurus novocanariensis, leg. Esperanza Beltrán (TFC Mic. 9.953); La Gomera, Laguna Grande-Agua de los Llanos (Garajonay National Park), 13 Dec 2001, on decayed roots, leg. Esperanza Beltrán (TFC Mic. 10.838); Tenerife, Reserva Natural Integral de Ijuana (Anaga), 16 Oct 2002, on decayed wood of Erica scoparia ssp. platycodon, leg. Esperanza Beltrán and Javier Barrera (HOLOTYPUS TFC Mic. 12.618).

Remarks.. The genus Gerronema was created by Singer (1951) to accommodate three omphalinoid-clitocyboid species from South America, where he later transferred some species traditionally placed in Omphalina (Singer 1964) as well as all taxa of this genus recognized in Bigelow’s 1970 monograph (Singer 1986). Singer differentiated them by the presence of intraparietal pigments or incrusting pigments in Omphalina and intracellular pigments in Gerronema. On the other hand Clemençon (1982) validated the genus Chrysomphalina, created by Hass (1962), to accommodate two omphalinoid species C. chrysophylla (Fr.) Clemençon ( Gerronema chrysophylla [Fr.] Singer) and C. strombodes (Berk. & Mont.) Clemençon ( G strombodes [Berk. & Mont.] Singer) characterized by 2–8 cm wide, gray, brown-gray to brown-yellow pileus, yellow lamellae, hymenophoral trama "pachypodial", the presence of intracellular pigments, a yellowish spore powder and the presence/absence of clamp connections.

Gerronema ss.. Singer (Singer 1961, 1964, 1975, 1986) has been considered heterogeneous by many authors and further Redhead (1986) restricted Gerronema to species having sarcodimitic tissues, including the Singer’s type G. melanomphax Singer. Later Norvel et al (1994) recognized three Chrysomphalina species, the type C. chrysophylla, C. aurantiaca (Peck) Redhead and C. grossula (Pers.) Norvell et al, characterized by lignicolous, clampless, carotenoid forming, omphalinoid taxa with inamyloid thin walled spores, pachypodial subhimenia and monomitic tissues, retaining the clamped C. strombodes in Gerronema by its sarcodimitic tissues. In addition these authors found differences between the American collections of this taxon (the original C. strombodes, described from Ohio) and the European collections, which he named G. xanthophyllum (Bres.) Norv (= Omphalia hypoxantha Bres.) by a pileus with appressed squamules composed of fascicles of clavate to clavate-pedicellate pileocystidia with brown intracellular pigments in the former and a fibrillose pileus without pileocystidia in the later.

In this context our material correspond to a Gerronema species by its sarcodimitic tissues, spore powder white, spores inamyloid, clamp connections present and lacking intraparietal or incrusted pigments, which is probably close to G. strombodes. The proximity of G. strombodes to other sarcodimitic taxa of Hydropus (Kühner) Singer (Redhead et al 2002) as well as the unusual presence of cheilocystidia in Gerronema—although present in tropical species (Singer 1986)—place this new taxon together with those species of Gerronema that are comparable with the nonamyloid species of Hydropus, especially sect. Floccipedes Kühner ex Sing. subsect. Floccipedes and also sect. Mycenoides Sing. (Machol and Singer 1977, Singer 1986: 419) but it differs in its tramal tissues as well as in the structure of the pileipellis with differently pigmented elements.

	ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

 
We are indebted to Dr Francisco González Luis (University of La Laguna, Canary Islands) for the Latin diagnosis. This research was financed by the Spanish government, through the grant MMA-ULL/1802069932.

	FOOTNOTES

 
Accepted for publication March 15, 2006.

¹ Corresponding author. E-mail: ebeltran{at}ull.es

	LITERATURE CITED

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS TAXONOMY LITERATURE CITED

 
Bigelow HE. 1970. Omphalina in North America. Mycologia 62:1–32.

Clémençon H. 1982. Kompendium der Blätterpilze Europäische omphalinoide Tricholomataceae. Z Mykol 48(2):195–237.

Haas H. 1962. Die systematische Stellung von Clitocybe venutissima Fries. Z Pilzk 28:12–13.

Machol RE, Singer R. 1977. Taxonomic position of Hydropus floccipes and allied species—a quantitative approach. Mycologia 69:1162–1172.[CrossRef]

Norvell LL, Redhead SA, Ammirati J. 1994. Omphalina sensu lato in North America 1–2. 1: Omphalina wynniae and the genus Chrysomphalina, 2 : Omphalina sensu Bigelow. Mycotaxon 50:379–407.

Redhead SA. 1986. Mycological observations: 17–20, nomenclatural notes on some omphaloid genera in Canada: Chrysomphalina, Rickenella, Gerronema, Omphalina. Acta Mycologica Sinica Suppl.

———, Lutzoni F, Moncalvo JM, Vilgalys R. 2002. Phylogeny of agarics: partial systematics solutions for core omphalinoid genera in the agaricales (euagarics). Mycotaxon 83:19–57.

Rivas-Martínez S, Diáz TE, Fernández-González F, Izco J, Loidi J, Lousã M, Penas A. 2002. Vascular Plant communities of Spain and Portugal. Addenda to the syntaxonomical checklist of 2001. Itin Geobotan 15(1): 1–432.

Singer R. 1951. New genera of fungi V. Mycologia 43: 598–604.[CrossRef]

———. 1961. Diagnoses fungorum novorum Agaricalium II. Sydowia 15:45–83.

———. 1964. Die Gattung Gerronema. Nov Hedwig 7:53–92.

———. 1975. The Agaricales in modern taxonomy. 3rd ed. Vaduz, LLiechtenstein: J. Cramer. 912 p.

———. 1986. The Agaricales in modern taxonomy. 4th ed. Koenigstein: Koeltz Scientific Books. 981 p.

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