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A new name for Torula glutinosa in Heteroconium

     Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Wm Saunders Bldg., Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A OC6 Canada

J.L. Crane ¹

     Illinois Natural Survey, Natural Resources Bldg., 607 E. Peabody Drive, Champaign, Illinois 61820

	ABSTRACT

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS TAXONOMY LITERATURE CITED

 

Torula glutinosa, a sooty mold on living leaves and stems of Eriodictyon spp. from California is illustrated and described. It shares, with the type species of Heteroconium, H. citharexyli, acropetal conidiogenesis of chains of conidia of variable length and acropetal transseptation. An unnamed synanamorph is recognized and described.

Key words: Heteroconium, Hyphomycete, sooty mold, synanamorph, systematics, taxonomy, Torula

	INTRODUCTION

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS TAXONOMY LITERATURE CITED

 
In our continuing study of fungi described in Torula Pers. : Fr., T. glutinosa Cooke & Harkness (1880) is recognized as a sooty mold apparently restricted to living leaves and stems of species of Eriodictyon from California. The fungus is illustrated and redescribed from the holotype and several other collections, some found on herbarium collections of the host plants. Torula glutinosa is reclassified as Heteroconium glutinosum. It shares with H. citharexyli, the type species of Heteroconium Petrak (1949), features such as repent, entirely superficial hyphae closely associated with glandular trichomes of the host, upright conidiogenous hyphae producing acropetal chains of conidia of variable length and degree of acropetal transseptation within single chains. An unnamed synanamorph producing subglobose conidia also is illustrated and described.

	MATERIALS AND METHODS

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS TAXONOMY LITERATURE CITED

 
Preparations from the listed collections were made by a modification of the Necol technique for mounting microfungi elaborated by Ellis (1950). Several of the specimens cited were prepared from collections of hosts preserved in phanerogam herbaria.

	TAXONOMY

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS TAXONOMY LITERATURE CITED

 
Heteroconium glutinosum (Cooke & Harkness) S. Hughes & J.L. Crane, comb. nov. FIGS. 1, 2 Torula glutinosa Cooke & Harkness, Grevillea 9:7. 1880. (Basionym).

View larger version (24K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIG. 1. Heteroconium glutinosum. A. erect brown conidiogenous hypha (left) with four phragmoconidia. B. Solitary and groups of acropetally produced, subglobose conidia of the unnamed synanamorph. From an isotype collection at (BPI). Bar = 10 µm.

View larger version (60K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIG. 2. Heteroconium glutinosum. A. repent hyphae with gelatinous wall. B. erect, branched, brown conidiogenous hyphae. C. scattered and a chain of conidia. D. groups of subglobose conidia of synanamorph. Bar = 10 µm. From DAOM 188631.

Hyphae appressed to the host surface smooth, sinuous, thin-walled, branched at right angles, at first radiate to reticulate, then in strands; cylindrical, 4.5–12 µm wide, with cells up to 20 µm long, initially subhyaline to pale golden brown to brown with mucilaginous walls. Hyphae slightly raised above the leaf surface thin-walled, pale brown, progressively thicker-walled and more deeply pigmented to dark brown. Simple or irregularly branched upright hyphae up to 90 µm long, more or less cylindrical, slightly constricted at the septa, 9–12 µm wide at the base and usually tapering gradually to about 5 µm toward the apex. Upturned hyphae sometimes developing into conidiogenous hyphae as they extend acropetally; conidia delimited by successive acropetal constrictions at irregular intervals with concomitant acropetal septation to form mostly simple chains of up to five conidia; constrictions in intact chains sometimes shallow, barely distinguishing one conidium from its neighbors or from the conidiogenous hypha.

Seceded conidia 0- to 7-septate, variable in length and width, flattened or truncate at one or both ends, scars 3–5 µm wide; the shorter conidia broadly ellipsoidal; the longer conidia narrowly to broadly ellipsoidal and constricted at the septa. Measurements of seceded conidia: 9–13.5 x 5.4–6.3 µm (0-septate); 18–23.5 x 5.7–7.2 µm (1-septate); 19–27 x 6–7.2 µm (2-septate); 27–40 x 6.3–10 µm (3-septate); 36–45 x 8–9 µm (4-septate); 55–57 x 9 µm (5-septate); 75 x 6.5 µm (7-septate).

Percurrent proliferations rare and then only through an aborted cell of a conidium or hypha, leaving an irregular frill of the dead cell around the base of the new growth.

A distinctive synanamorph, not assigned to any generic name, produced on the same hyphae as the Heteroconium. In young and old colonies, botryose, sessile, lateral clusters of up to 30, more or less globose conidia developing laterally on appressed and repent hyphae by acropetal budding in sparingly branched chains of two to four; chains are irregular, to 40 µm wide with individual conidia up to 11 µm diam, successively smaller toward the ends of short chains. Conidia at first smooth and subhyaline to irregularly verrucose and pale brown to finally dark brown with a wall 1.5–2 µm thick. The clusters seceding irregularly into one-, two- or multicelled units; giving colonies a black powdery appearance, particularly on host stems.

Specimens examined: – USA. CALIFORNIA: Coastal Range, on Eriodictyon glutinosum Benth., Autumn 188(-) [sic], [Harkness] 1442 (ISOTYPES ILLS 36356 ex BPI, CAS 1046 as Torula glutinosa). Eldorado County, Sweetwater Creek, 1.5 miles above its mouth, alt. 700 ft., on Eriodictyon californicum (Hook. & Arn) Torrey, 7 May 1939, L. Constance 2478 (CAN 185613, DAOM 233851). Los Angeles County, 1 mile N. of Claremont, alt. 1300 ft., on Eriodictyon californicum, 17 May 1932, Philip A. Munz No. 12,643 (Ex MO 1032382, DAOM 234558). Monterey County, Pescadero Ranch, on Eriodictyon californicum, 26 May 1861, W.H. Brewer No. 670 (ex MO 2518636, DAOM 234563). San Bernardino County, Etiwanda, on Eriodictyon trichocalix Heller, 16 May 1928, Thomas Craig No. 1266 (ex MO 1071849, DAOM 234565); Cajon Pass, San Gabriel Mountains, on Eriodictyon trichocalix, 16 May 1931, Carl Epling, Nesta Dunn & Alice Goen (ex MO 1007937, DAOM 234557). San Diego County, Hills between Campo and Potrero, alt. 8400 ft., on Eriodictyon trichocalix, ssp. lanatum (Brand) Munz [= E. lanatum (Brands) Abrams], 6 Jun 1932, F.R. Fosberg No. 8400 (ex MO 1146259, DAOM 234560). San Mateo County, Jasper Ridge, ca 5m SW of Palo Alto, alt. ca. 500 ft., on Eriodictyon californicum, 5 Apr 1959, J.H. Thomas 7667 (DAO 786107, DAOM 230621); Jasper Ridge, on Eriodictyon californicum, May 1907, E.A. McGregor (ex MO 829510, DAOM 234564); Jasper Ridge, Biol. Exp. Area, ca 5m. SW of Palo Alto, on Eriodictyon californicum, 30 May 1971, J.H. Thomas (15969) (DAO 305997, DAOM 230622). Santa Clara County, Permanente Creek, on Eriodictyon californicum, 27 Apr 1914, L.R. Abrams 5143 (DAO 786106, DAOM 230623); between San Antonio Valley and Arroyo Bayo, Mount Hamilton Range, alt. ca. 3500 ft., on Eriodictyon californicum subsp. glutinosum f. latifolia Brand,8 Jun 1936, A. Carter 899 (CAN 490865 ex MO 1284791, DAOM 233852); Black Mountain, Santa Cruz Mountains, on Eriodictyon californicum. 28 April 1906. James Ira McMurphy No. 27 (ex MO 713913, DAOM 234561; foothills near Stanford University, on Eriodictyon californicum, 24 Apr 1902. C.F. Baker No. 670 (ex MO 2518633, DAOM 234559). Santa Cruz County, 10 m NE of Santa Cruz, on Eriodictyon sp. (Yerba santa), 22 Mar 1971, D. Malloch (DAOM 188631); near San Lorenzo River between Felton and Mount Hermon, alt 500 ft., on Eriodictyon californicum, 7 Jun 1946. L. Constance (ex MO 1622882, DAOM 234562).

	ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

 
For the loan or gifts of pertinent collections we are grateful to the curators of several herbaria: Beltsville (BPI), Berkeley

(UC), Champaign (ILLS), Ottawa (CAN, DAO, DAOM), St Louis (MO) San Francisco (DS), (CAS). The receipt of an excellent collection from Dr David Malloch is gratefully acknowledged. The junior author is grateful to Dr James C. Solomon for his kind hospitality and permission to use the herbarium at MO.

	FOOTNOTES

 
Accepted for publication December 1, 2005.

¹ Corresponding author. E-mail: leecrane{at}mail.inhs.uiuc.edu

	LITERATURE CITED

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS TAXONOMY LITERATURE CITED

 
Cooke MC, Harkness HW. 1880. California Fungi [Cont.]. Grevillea 9:6–9.

Ellis MB. 1950. A modification of the ‘Necol’ technique for mounting microfungi. Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 33: 22.

Petrak F. 1949. Neue Hyphomyzeten-Gattungen aus Ekuador. Sydowia 3:259–266.

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