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Department of Plant Pathology, Cornell University, 334 Plant Science Building, Ithaca, New York 14853
Gary J. Samuels
USDA-ARS, Systematic Botany and Mycology, Laboratory, Room 304, B-011A, 10300 Baltimore, Ave., Beltsville, Maryland 20705
Kathie T. Hodge
Department of Plant Pathology, Cornell University, 334 Plant Science Building, Ithaca, New York 14853
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ABSTRACT |
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 TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTIONMATERIALS AND METHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONTAXONOMYKEY TO SPECIES OF...LITERATURE CITED |
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Several genera are described in the literature as having morphology similar to the clavicipi-taceous genus Podocrella, viz. Atricordyceps, Ophiocordyceps, Wakefieldiomyces and "Cordyceps" peltata. These genera have capitate-stipitate stromata that gradually expand into a horizontally flattened fertile head that is dark, has strongly protruding perithecia and asci containing eight multiseptate filiform ascospores. These ascospores disarticulate at the middle septum to form two lanceolate multiseptate part-ascospores. In this study several specimens of the above-mentioned genera, including the types, were examined to determine whether they are congeneric with Podocrella. This study also reveals the connection of Podocrella to its anamorph genus, Harposporium, and its relationship to several other clavicipitaceous genera, based on cultural data and large subunit nuclear ribosomal DNA (LSU) sequences. Nematode predation of the Harposporium anamorph of P. peltata is demonstrated. The results show Podocrella and selected Harposporium LSU sequences form a mono-phyletic group and that this clade is closely related to Aschersonia. A new species of Podocrella from Costa Rica, P. fusca, is described, new combinations made for P. peltata and P. harposporifera, and a key to the known species is presented.
Key words: Anamorph-teleomorph connection, Ascomycota, Clavicipitaceae, Hirsutella, Hypocreales, large subunit nuclear ribosomal DNA, molecular phylogenetics, synanamorphs, systematics
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INTRODUCTION |
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TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONMATERIALS AND METHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONTAXONOMYKEY TO SPECIES OF...LITERATURE CITED |
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. Although it was described originally from wood in Trinidad, its typically clavicipitacean asci and stroma led Rossman et al (1999) to suspect that the true host might be an arthropod overlooked by the collector; it has not been reported since its original description. Wakefieldiomyces Kobayasi (1981) and Atricordyceps Samuels (1983) resemble Podocrella in their dark, peltate stromata and other features, and we suggest they should be considered synonyms of Podocrella. Wakefieldiomyces is based on Cordyceps peltata E.M. Wakefield (Wakefield and Groves 1916), which was described from St Vincent, an island in the Lesser Antilles; monotypic Atricordyceps was described from New Zealand. Petch (1931) included C. peltata in the genus Ophiocordyceps Petch, along with three other species. Ophiocordyceps blattae, the type of the genus, is morphologically distinct from Podocrella, therefore we do not consider Ophiocordyceps to be congeneric with Podocrella.
Of the several species that we can consider for inclusion in Podocrella, an anamorph is known for only one, Atricordyceps harposporifera Samuels, which was reported to have an anamorph attributable to H. anguillulae Lohde, the type of the genus Harposporium (Samuels 1983). Molecular data reported by Sung et al (2001) confirmed the relationship of A. harposporifera and another Harposporium species, H. helicoides Drechsler. The Harposporium anamorph of Cordyceps peltata is described here based on a collection from Costa Rica.
Harposporium species are fungi common in soil; many have been found infecting various nematodes, rotifers or tardigrades, including Prismatolaimus spp. and Rhabditis spp., among others (Barron 1977, Drechsler 1968, Viaene 1996). Although Harposporium species generally are not known to infect insects, their possible teleomorph species have been reported only from arthropods. Atricordyceps harposporifera was isolated from a centipede, and Cordyceps peltata was found on infected larvae of Cryptorhynchus sp. (Coleoptera). The host of the type specimen of Podocrella poronioides was not apparent, but Rossman et al (1999) hypothesized that it possibly developed from an insect larva buried in the wood. Harposporium janus Shimazu & Glockling, which has the ability to infect beetle larvae and nematodes, exhibited a gradual change from a synnematous form on the beetle larva to a typical Harposporium form on the nematode (Shimazu and Glockling 1997).
In this study we evaluate the synonymy of several Cordyceps-like genera with dark, peltate stromata and Harposporium anamorphs, use partial LSU sequences to investigate their relationships with other clavicipitaceous fungi including selected Harposporium spp. and describe a new species in this group from Costa Rica. A key to known species of Podocrella is presented. Keys to described Harposporium species were published by Esser and El-Gholl (1992) and Gams and Zare (2003).
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MATERIALS AND METHODS |
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TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONMATERIALS AND METHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONTAXONOMYKEY TO SPECIES OF...LITERATURE CITED |
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Herbarium specimens were rehydrated briefly in distilled water with a trace of Tween® 80 (J.T. Baker Chemical Co., Phillipsburg, New Jersey). Rehydrated stromata were supported by Tissue-Tek O.C.T. Compound 4583 (Miles Inc., Elkhart, Indiana) and sectioned at a thickness ca. 15 µm with a freezing microtome to observe and measure the characteristics of the stroma tissue and perithecia. Asci and ascospores also were characterized. Color terminology is from Kornerup and Wanscher (1978).
A culture from C. peltata BPI 749196 (culture G.J.S. 96–242 = ARSEF 5410) was obtained from single-ascospore isolations made with a micromanipulator. The ascospores were germinated and grown on CMD (Difco cornmeal agar [Dif-co Laboratories, Detroit, Michigan] + 2% dextrose + 1% antibiotic solution (0.2% Sigma Streptomycin Sulfate [Sigma-Aldrich Corp., St Louis, Missouri] + 0.2% Sigma Neomycin Sulfate + distilled water). Morphological observations of the anamorph were based on cultures grown on Difco malt-extract agar (MEA) for 2 wk at 22 C. To study the germination of the various conidial types, conidia were harvested from a mature colony by washing it with sterile distilled water containing a trace of Tween 80. A drop of the suspension was spread on 1.8% water agar on glass slides and observed under the compound microscope at 400x for 24 h.
Measurements of continuous characters such as length were made with the beta 4.0.2 version of Scion Image software (Scion Corp., Frederick, Maryland). Confidence intervals (
= 0.05), minimum and maximum values for 10–30 anamorph and teleomorph measurements (except where indicated) were calculated with Systat 8.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, Illinois).
Nematode bioassay.— –
The ability of the C. peltata isolate AR-SEF 5410 to infect and kill nematodes was assessed in vitro using the method described in Hodge et al (1997). A few drops of a culture of an unidentified rhabditid nematode isolated from New York turf samples were applied to a 2 mo old culture of ARSEF 5410 on MEA. The dishes were incubated at room temperature and observed 10 d for infection. Infection was confirmed by picking nematodes with a fine needle, mounting them in lactic acid-cotton blue and observing them with a compound microscope.
DNA extraction, PCR and sequencing.— –
Cultures of H. anguillulae (ARSEF 5407 and 5593), H. cycloides Drechsler (ARSEF 5599) and C. peltata (ARSEF 5410) were grown on Difco potato-dextrose agar ca. 2 wk. Mycelium was harvested in a laminar flow hood by scraping, then suspended in extraction buffer and frozen. Extraction of genomic DNA and PCR amplification was done using methods similar to those described by Sung et al (1999). The large subunit nuclear ribosomal DNA (LSU) primers used were LR0R (5'-ACCCGCTGAACTTAAGC-3') and LR5 (5'-TCCTGA-GGGAAACTTCG-3'), which produced a sequence of ca. 800 nucleotides (Vilgalys and Hester 1990). The resulting products were purified with the QIAquickTM PCR Purification Kit (Qiagen Inc., Valencia, California). Sequencing of forward and reverse strands was performed at the Bio-Resource Center, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York. Sequences were edited and assembled with Sequencher 4.1 (Gene Codes, Madison, Wisconsin) and SeqEd (Applied Biosystems, Branchburg, New Jersey). Sequences have been deposited in GenBank (TABLE I) and the alignment in TreeBase (study number S 1115, http://treebase.bio.buffalo.edu/treebase/).
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). Clustal X 1.81 (Thompson et al 1997) was used to align the sequences, and alignment was refined by hand. Maximum parsimony (MP), neighbor-joining (NJ), and Bayesian analyses were carried out with all sequences. MP analysis was done in PAUP* version b8 (Swofford 1999) using a heuristic search, with a starting tree obtained via 1000 random stepwise addition sequences, tree-bisection-reconnection as the branch-swapping algorithm, and MulTrees off. Bootstrap values from 1000 replicates were calculated with a "fast" stepwise addition search. NJ trees were constructed with the Kimura-2-parameter model in PAUP* and bootstrapping was replicated 500x. MrBayes (Huelsenbeck 2000) was used to reconstruct phylogenetic trees with the Bayesian approach (Mau et al 1999, Rannala and Yang 1996). The nucleotide substitution model was calculated with Modeltest 3.0 (Posada and Crandall 1998). The model selected was GTR, with variable base frequencies (freqA = 0.2285, freqC= 0.2601, freqG = 0.3250, freqT = 0.1864), substitution model R(a) [A–C] = 0.8060, R(b) [A–G] = 3.6576, R(c) [A–T] = 0.5209, R(d) [C–G] = 1.5145, R(e) [C–T] = 9.1042, R(f) [G–T] = 1.000, proportion of invariable sites = 0.6507, and a gamma distribution shape parameter = 0.5662. MrBayes was run for 500 000 generations. A consensus tree was calculated with the 50% majority rule option in PAUP*. Outgroup species were Hypomyces broomeanus L.R. & C. Tulasne (in GenBank as Sphaerostilbella broomeana) and Hypomyces orthosporus K. Põldmaa. |
RESULTS |
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TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONMATERIALS AND METHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONTAXONOMYKEY TO SPECIES OF...LITERATURE CITED |
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The two anamorphs that originated from the Podocrella-like specimens, namely C. peltata (ARSEF 5410) and A. harposporifera (Samuels 1983), are typical of Harposporium. The conidiophores are erect, unbranched and bear phialides in pairs or whorls. The phialides are subglobose with a cylindrical neck and the conidia are arcuate, smooth and hyaline. The C. peltata culture ARSEF 5410 produced two other synanamorphs, a Hirsutella-like synanamorph, with awl-shaped phialides and fusiform conidia, and an arthroconidial anamorph.
Phylogenetic analyses.— –
Eight hundred base pairs of 33 partial LSU sequences were included in the analysis. The aligned matrix included 645 constant and 155 polymorphic characters, of which 115 were informative. Distance (NJ) and character-based (MP and Bayesian) analyses yielded identical topologies. A Bayesian tree with the best log-likelihood is presented (FIG. 1).
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). Although this group does not receive bootstrap support in the MP analysis, the consensus (50% majority rule) of three most parsimonious trees supports this clade by 100% probability. Within the Podocrella/Harposporium clade there is a subclade comprising Atricordyceps harposporifera, C. peltata and H. cycloides, supported by 94% posterior probability, and a separate subclade comprising H. helicoides and two isolates of H. anguillulae, supported by 80% posterior probability. LSU phylogenetic analyses groups Podocrella/Harposporium as sister of Aschersonia aleyrodis (teleomorph Hypocrella libera Sydow) (FIG. 1).
Conidial germination and nematode bioassay.— –
We demonstrated that the C. peltata culture ARSEF 5410 could infect and kill rhabditid nematodes in vitro. The Harposporium anamorph of A. harposporifera (ARSEF 5472, culture ex type) shares this ability (Hodge unpubl). All three different types of conidia of C. peltata ARSEF 5410 had germinated after 22 h. Harposporium and Hirsutella-like conidia formed a single germ tube that arose near the center of the conidium (FIG. 28). Arthroconidia typically formed subglobose Harposporium-like conidiogenous cells upon germination, which in turn produced typical conidia, or very rarely produced several lateral germ tubes just below one end of the arthroconidium (FIGS. 24, 25). Whereas most of the Harposporium and Hirsutella-like conidia germinated, only about 50% of arthroconidia had germinated after 30 h, when observation was discontinued.
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). Many dead nematodes were observed on Days 2 and 3. On the fourth day, numerous nematode cadavers were observed bearing erect conidiophores and the arcuate conidia typical of Harposporium (FIGS. 30, 31). Arthroconidia and Hirsutella-like conidia were not observed to be associated with infection, but due to the difficulty of following the course of infection we cannot rule out their involvement. |
DISCUSSION |
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TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONMATERIALS AND METHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONTAXONOMYKEY TO SPECIES OF...LITERATURE CITED |
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). Morphology of all the specimens examined was consistent with the defining features of the type of the genus, P. poronioides, thus we deem them congeneric. We conclude that Atricordyceps, Cordyceps peltata (
Wakefieldiomyces peltatus Ophiocordyceps peltata), Podocrella poronioides and Podocrella sp. (INB 3835871) are congeneric, and the anamorphs of Podocrella, where known, are Harposporium species. New combinations are presented in the taxonomy section. The Podocrella specimen collected in Costa Rica (INB 3835871) is morphologically distinct from other known species of Podocrella. We describe it as a new species, P. fusca. A key to the four known species of Podocrella is provided.
Podocrella is distinguished from other genera in the Clavicipitaceae by its shallow ascus cap and thick multiseptate ascospores that disarticulate at the middle septum. The species that Petch (1931) placed in Ophiocordyceps, O. blattae Petch, O. unilateralis (L.R. & C. Tulasne) Petch, and O. rhizoidea (v. Höhnel) Petch, have clavate stromata, filiform multiseptate ascospores that do not disarticulate at the middle septum; these species do not resemble any of the Podocrella species treated here. Based on LSU sequences, Podocrella/Harposporium species are closely related to Aschersonia aleyrodis (FIG. 1). The relationship of Podocrella/Harposporium and Aschersonia to other genera in the Clavicipitaceae is not well resolved based on LSU gene genealogy and the limited taxa sampled in this study.
In addition to having typical Harposporium conidiophores and conidia, the anamorph of P. peltata ( Cordyceps peltata) has Hirsutella-like and arthroconidial synanamorphs. Hirsutella-like synanamorphs have been observed in H. anguillulae, H. cerberi W. Gams et al, H. drechsleri Barron and H. janus Shimazu & Glockling (Barron 1972, Hodge et al 1997, Shimazu and Glockling 1997), but these differ from the synanamorph of P. peltata. Arthroconidia have been reported for H. arthrosporum Barron, H. cerberi, and H. diceraeum Drechsler (Aoki and Saikawa 1992, Barron 1979, Hodge et al 1997). Our data suggest that isolates that have arcuate conidia have been attributed to Harposporium anguillulae and they may reflect several cryptic species. Although two isolates of H. anguillulae (ARSEF 5407 and ARSEF 5593) had identical LSU sequences, the two Podocrella anamorphs (ARSEF 5472 and ARSEF 5410) are genetically different. Harposporium lilliputanum Dixon and a H. anguillulae-like isolate described by Hodge et al (1997) also appear to be members of this complex. We have not named the anamorphs of the Podocrella species studied because the genus Harposporium needs critical revision and the main objectives of this paper were to deal with Podocrella and link it to its anamorph genus. Keys to Harposporium species have been presented by Esser and El-Gholl (1992) and Gams and Zare (2003).
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TAXONOMY |
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TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONMATERIALS AND METHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONTAXONOMYKEY TO SPECIES OF...LITERATURE CITED |
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Anamorph: Harposporium Lohde, where known.
Stromata dark green or dark brown, almost black, stipitate, expanding into a horizontally flattened fruiting cap, upper surface of cap slightly to strongly tuberculate due to protruding perithecia; on substrata only cap visible because stipe typically buried in the wood. Most superficial layer of stroma formed of globose to angular thin-walled cells; inner tissue of stroma of textura intricata. Perithecia ovoid to obpyriform, 460–850 x 160–300 µm. Asci cylindrical, somewhat capitate, with shallow apical caps. Ascospores hyaline, smooth, multiseptate, filiform to fusiform, disarticulating at the middle septum forming two lanceolate multiseptate part-ascospores; part-as-cospores 37.0–70.0 x 1.5–3.0 µm.
Type species. – Podocrella poronioides Seaver.
1. Podocrella fusca Chaverri et K.T. Hodge, sp. nov. FIGS. 2–9
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Stromata stipitata-capitata, fusca, caput tuberculata superficiei, 3.0–4.5 diam. Ascosporae multicellulares, ad medio-septum disarticulatae, incolora, partis lanceolata, (43.0–) 56.7–62.2(–75.5) x (1.7–)2.7–3.0(–3.5) µm. Holotypus INB 3835871.
Stromata solitary, dark brown, stipitate-capitate, upper surface of cap strongly tuberculate due to protruding perithecia, cap circular in outline, 3.0–4.5 mm diam (n = 5). Stroma outer tissue textura angularis, cells thin-walled, (4.5–)6.0–7.0(–9.2) µm diam. Stroma inner tissue textura intricata, hyphae thin-walled, (3.2–)4.2–5.0(–6.0) µm diam. Perithecia obpyriform, (465–)520–563(–647) x (161–)190–209(–241) µm. Ascospores multiseptate, hyaline, smooth, disarticulating at middle septum; part-ascospores lanceolate, multiseptate, (43.0 –)56.7–62.2(–75.5) x (1.7–)2.7–3.0(–3.5) µm.
Habitat. – On remnants of an arthropod buried in decaying wood.
Known distribution. – Costa Rica (type locality).
Holotype. – COSTA RICA. LIMÓN: Valle de la Estrella, Biological Reserve Hitoy Cerere, 100 m elevation, possibly on remnants of arthropod buried in wood, 7 Jul 1999, P. Chaverri (53), G.J. Samuels, L. Umaña (INB 3835871).
2. Podocrella harposporifera (Samuels) Chaverri et Samuels, comb. nov. FIGS. 10, 11
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Atricordyceps harposporifera Samuels, New Zealand J Bot 21:174. 1983. Anamorph: Harposporium sp.
Stromata solitary, black, stipitate-capitate, ca. 7 mm diam, upper surface of cap strongly tuberculate due to protruding perithecia. Stroma outer tissue textura angularis, cells thin-walled; inner tissue textura intricata, hyphae thin-walled. Perithecia ovoid, 470–590 x 250–330 µm. Ascospores multiseptate, hyaline, smooth, disarticulating at middle septum; part-ascospores lanceolate, multiseptate, (44.0–)48.5–57.5(–68.0) x 2.0–2.5 µm.
Colonies on CMD (Difco cornmeal-dextrose agar) as first white, then becoming pale yellow; on PDA (Difco potato-dextrose agar) first white, then becoming sulphur yellow, then olivaceous. Phialides globose to ampulliform, ca. 4 µm diam with an apical elongation or neck 3–4 x 1 µm. Conidia hyaline, smooth, arcuate, distance across between two ends (7–)8–12(–13) µm, 1–2 µm wide (anamorph description based on Samuels 1983).
Descriptions and illustrations. –
Samuels (1983) FIGS. 1, 2
Habitat. – Possibly growing on an arthropod.
Known distribution. – New Zealand (type locality). Holotype. NEW ZEALAND. AUCKLAND: Waitakere Ranges, Waitemata City, Fairy Falls Track, off Mountain Road, on an arthropod, 12 Aug 1981, G.J. Samuels, P.R. Johnston, R.E. Beever, R.P. Korf, J.W. Paden (PDD 42208!; culture G.J.S. 81-358 = ARSEF 5472).
Notes. –
Samuels (1983) believed that the anamorph of P. harposporifera could be attributed to Harposporium anguillulae. However, based on colony characteristics, conidial measurements, and LSU sequences (FIG. 1), we conclude that the anamorph of P. harposporifera is possibly an undescribed species of Harposporium.
3. Podocrella peltata (Wakefield) Chaverri et K.T. Hodge, comb. nov. FIGS. 12–18, 23–34
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Cordyceps peltata Wakefield, Bull Misc Inform Kew, p. 74. 1916.
Ophiocordyceps peltata (Wakefield) Petch, Trans Br Mycol Soc 16:74. 1931.
Wakefieldiomyces peltatus (Wakefield) Y. Kobayasi, Bull Natl Sci Mus Tokyo, B. 7:2. 1981.
Anamorph: Harposporium sp.
Stromata solitary, dark brown, stipitate-capitate, upper surface of cap tuberculate due to protruding perithecia, cap circular in outline, 3–4.5 mm diam (n = 6). Stroma outer tissue textura angularis, cells thin-walled. Stroma inner tissue textura intricata, hyphae thin-walled. Perithecia obpyriform, (455–)489–519(–532) 3 (177–)186–200(–211) mm (n 5 10). Ascospores multiseptate, hyaline, smooth, disarticulating at the middle septum; part-ascospores lanceolate, multiseptate, (36.5–)41.5–47.2(–57.5) x (2.7–)3.5–4.2(–5.2) µm.
Colonies developing slowly on MEA, reaching 11 mm diam after 2 wk at room temperature. Initially white to peachy cream, becoming pale yellow-puce in the center, symmetrical, mycelium fairly closely appressed to the medium, reverse pale olivaceous brown in central zone. Conidiophores present throughout surface mycelium, more or less erect, septate, each cell bearing one whorl of 2–4 conidiogenous cells just below the distal septum, terminating apically in one or more conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells phialidic, subglobose to ampulli-form, 3.5–4.5(–6.0) x 3.0–4.0(–4.5) µm, with a narrow cylindrical neck (0.5–)1.2–2.5 x 0.5–1.0 µm, which rarely branches to form a second short conidiogenous neck. Conidia produced enteroblastically, hyaline, arcuate and slightly helically twisted (when seen out of plane), distal end with a slight asymmetrical beak, proximal end narrowly truncate. Average conidial length, measured as linear distance covered (not circumference) 5.5–7.5 x 0.9–1.3 µm, diameter at widest point 0.9–1.3 µm. Hirsutella-like synanamorph observed in culture: conidiophores erect, loosely branched at acute angles. Conidiogenous cells phialidic, (8–)16–22(–30) x 2.0–3.1 µm, awl-shaped or with somewhat inflated base tapering gradually into a narrow neck that typically contains refractive apical thickening. Additional necks (4.0–5.5 µm) occasionally produced on same conidiogenous cell or on a subtending cell. Conidia (7.7–)8.0–11.8(–13.5) x 1.2–2.5 µm, hyaline, acerose, straight or slightly curved, with truncate narrow base and rounded apex, lacking mucilaginous coat. Arthroconidial synanamorph also observed in culture: Conidiophores erect, diverging apically to form 2–6 hyphal branches that divide internally to produce 2–8 stout cylindrical arthroconidia (8.5–)12.0–160.0(–20.5) x 3.5–4.4 µm with refractive contents and slightly thickened walls.
Habitat. – Possibly growing on an arthropod.
Known distribution. – West Indies (St. Vincent) and Costa Rica.
Specimens examined. – COSTA RICA. PUNTARENAS: Parque Internacional La Amistad, Las Alturas Biological Station, elev. 1580 m, 8°57'00''N, 82°50'00''W, Trail to Cerro Echandi, on arthropod, 6 May 1996, S.M. Huhndorf (2243A), F. Fernández (BPI 749196!; culture ARSEF 5410 = G.J.S. 96-242). WEST INDIES. St Vincent, parasitic on larvae of Cryptorhynchys sp. (Coleoptera), infesting cultivated Codiaeum, 25 Jun 1915, W.N. Sands (No. V. 25-6-15) (HOLOTYPE. K 122466!).
Notes. –
Podocrella peltata can be distinguished from P. poronioides and other Podocrella species by the less tuberculate stromatal cap and thicker ascospores. In addition the stroma of P. poronioides is dark green to black, darker than that of P. peltata. Both species have been found in the West Indies. The anamorph of P. peltata most closely resembles Harposporium lilliputanum S.M. Dixon in the size of its arcuate conidia and the lack of chlamydospores in the host. Wood (1973) reported slightly smaller conidia in an isolate of H. lilliputanum from New Zealand. Glocking and Shimazu (1997) have reported similar Hirsutella-like and arthroconidial synanamorphs in a Japanese isolate of H. lilliputanum, however the Hirsutella-like anamorph they observed produced significantly shorter conidia (3–6 µm), whereas in P. peltata they measure 8–12 µm. The larger Harposporium- and Hirsutella-like conidia suggest that the P. peltata anamorph is allied but not conspecific with H. lilliputanum. Further work is needed to refine species concepts among Harposporium isolates with simple arcuate conidia, including H. lilliputanum and H. anguillulae.
4. Podocrella poronioides Seaver, Mycologia 20:57. 1928. FIGS. 19–22
Anamorph: Unknown.
Stromata solitary, dark green almost black, stipitate-capitate, upper surface of cap strongly tuberculate due to protruding perithecia, cap circular in outline, 3–4 mm diam (n = 5). Stroma outer tissue textura angularis, cells thin-walled. Stroma inner tissue textura intricata, hyphae thin-walled. Perithecia obpyriform, ca. 550–850 x 250–300 µm. Ascospores multiseptate, hyaline, smooth, disarticulating at middle septum; part-ascospores lanceolate, multiseptate, (37.0–)41.5–45.7(–52.2) x (2.5–)2.7–3.2(–3.7) µm.
Descriptions and illustrations. –
Seaver (1928), Plate 8: FIGS. 1–3; Rossman et al (1999), Plate 52 a–f.
Habitat. – Possibly growing on an arthropod.
Known distribution. – Trinidad (type locality).
Specimens examined. – TRINIDAD. Vicinity of Valencia, possibly on arthropod buried on rotten wood, 4 Mar 1921, F.J. Seaver (3017) (HOLOTYPE. NY!).
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KEY TO SPECIES OF PODOCRELLA |
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS |
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FOOTNOTES |
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1 Corresponding author. Current address: USDA-ARS, Systematic Botany and Mycology Laboratory, Room 304, B-011A, 10300 Baltimore Ave., Beltsville, Maryland 20705. Email: pc234{at}cornell.edu
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LITERATURE CITED |
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Barron GL. 1972. Nematophagous Hyphomycetes: a new species of Harposporium. Antonie van Leewenhoek J Microbiol Serol 38:217–222.[CrossRef]
———. 1977. Nematophagous fungi: a new Harposporium parasitic on Prismatolaimus. Can J Bot 55:892–895.
Drechsler C. 1968. A new nematode-destroying Harposporium. Amer J Bot 55:1251–1253.
Esser RP, El-Gholl NE. 1992. Harposporium, a fungus that parasitizes and kills nematodes utilizing conidia swallowed by or sticking to its prey. Florida Dept of Agriculture, Division of Plant Industry, Nematology Circular 200.
Gams W, Zare R. 2003. A taxonomic review of the clavicipitaceous anamorphs parasitizing nematodes and other microinvertebrates. In: White JF et al, eds. Clavicipitalean Fungi. Evolutionary Biology, Chemistry, Biocontrol, and Cultural Impacts. New York: Marcel Dekker Inc. p 17–73.
Glockling SL, Shimazu M. 1997. Culturing of three species of endoparasitic fungi infecting nematodes. Mycol Res 101:55–60.[CrossRef]
Hodge KT, Viaene NM, Gams W. 1997. Two Harposporium species with Hirsutella synanamorphs. Mycol Res 101: 1377–1382.[CrossRef]
Huelsenbeck JP. 2000. MrBayes: Bayesian inferences of phylogeny (software). New York: University of Rochester.
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