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Institute of Botany, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan
Jack D. Rogers
Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-6430
Huei-Mei Hsieh
Institute of Botany, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan
Larissa Vasilyeva
Institute of Biology and Soil Sciences, Far East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, Russia
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ABSTRACT |
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 TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTIONMATERIALS AND METHODSTAXONOMYKEY TO THE AMPHIROSELLINIA...KEY TO SOME GENERA...LITERATURE CITED |
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The new genus Amphirosellinia is erected to include five xylariaceous fungi with erumpent or immersed perithecioid stromata. Amphirosellinia fushanensis, A. nigrospora and A. tennesseensis are newly described, whereas A. evansii and A. quercina are new combinations. Synnematous, geniculosporium-like anamorphs are known for A. fushanensis, A. nigrospora, A. tennesseensis and A. evansii; the anamorph of the latter species was produced on natural substratum, whereas those of the former three species were produced in culture. Dichotomous keys are presented for the Amphirosellinia species and for some genera that might be confused with Amphirosellinia. Entoleuca ellisii also is described as new. It readily can be separated from the known species in the genus by its smaller ascospore size range and short ascospore germ slit.
Key words: geniculosporium-like, systematics, Xylariaceae
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INTRODUCTION |
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TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONMATERIALS AND METHODSTAXONOMYKEY TO THE AMPHIROSELLINIA...KEY TO SOME GENERA...LITERATURE CITED |
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During study of herbarium specimens, we also have encountered a fungus that might be confused with the Amphirosellinia species. It is described herein as a new species of Entoleuca Syd.
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MATERIALS AND METHODS |
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TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONMATERIALS AND METHODSTAXONOMYKEY TO THE AMPHIROSELLINIA...KEY TO SOME GENERA...LITERATURE CITED |
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). Resulting colonies were transferred to 9 cm plastic Petri dishes containing 2% Difco oatmeal agar (OMA), from which the culture descriptions were made, and incubated at 20 C under 12 h fluorescent light. The numbers of ascospores, conidia, perithecia, asci and conidiophores that were measured to form the size ranges in the descriptions are 20, 10, 5, 5 and 5, respectively. The stromatal size ranges were based on all available stromata in the cited specimens. The color designations follow Rayner (1970). Cultures were deposited in the BCRC (the Bioresource Collection and Research Center; formerly CCRC, the Culture Collection and Research Center) in Taiwan. |
TAXONOMY |
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TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONMATERIALS AND METHODSTAXONOMYKEY TO THE AMPHIROSELLINIA...KEY TO SOME GENERA...LITERATURE CITED |
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Etymology. – Refers to its stromatal anatomy similar to that of the genus Rosellinia from which it differs in having stromata that develop beneath the host epidermis.
Anamorph. – geniculosporium-like.
Type species. – A. nigrospora Y.-M. Ju, J.D. Rogers, H.-M. Hsieh & Vasilyeva
Stromata gregaria, immersa vel erumpentia, solitaria vel aliquot pustula aggregata, perithecio singulari includens, sine subiculiis; superficies carbonacea; textura perithecia cengentibus alba vel ravidobrunnea. Asci cylindrici, stipitati, octospori ascosporis uniseriatis vel biseriatis, annulo apicali in liquore iodato Melzeri cyanescente. Ascosporae brunneae, unicellulares, ellipsoideae vel cylindricae, inequilaterales, rima germinativa; perisporium in KOH indehiscenti; episporium leve. Paraphyses abundae, septatae, ultra apices ascorum extensae. Anamorphosis Geniculosporii similis.
Stromata gregarious, immersed or erumpent, solitary or with several aggregated in a pustule, encasing one single perithecium only, lacking a subiculum; outer crust carbonaceous; tissue between crust and perithecium white to grayish brown. Asci cylindrical, stipitate, with eight ascospores arranged in uniseriate or partially biseriate manner, with an apical ring staining blue in Melzer’s iodine reagent. Ascospores brown, 1-celled, ellipsoid to cylindrical, inequilateral, with a germ slit; perispore indehiscent in 10% potassium hydroxide (KOH); epispore smooth. Paraphyses copious, septate, extending beyond ascal tips.
Commentary. – The accepted Amphirosellinia species constitute a coherent group that is characterized by these characteristics: (i) stromata typically developed beneath the epidermal layer of their hosts; (ii) a thick, carbonized crust enclosing each individual perithecium; (iii) ascal apical rings being higher than broad; (iv) inequilateral ascospores with a long, sigmoid germ slit on the less convex side; and (v) synnematous anamorph with conidiogenous regions that become geniculate and produce lacrymoid conidia.
Among the species in discussion, only the stromata of A. evansii eventually burst through the host epidermis and become erumpent. The other species have stromata largely buried beneath the epidermis. The stromata are composed of two tissue types: the outer carbonaceous tissue, which is evident on the top and sides but becomes thinned toward the bottom, and the inner whitish to grayish brown tissue, which usually exists in small quantity and is most noticeable at the bottom. The stromata of Amphirosellinia species are quite distinct and enclose individual perithecia discretely, unlike the stromata of Anthostomella Sacc. species, which generally are reduced to a clypeus or nearly lacking and consequently leave the perithecia seated directly in the host tissue. Indeed, among the xylariaceous genera, these anatomical features also can be found in Rosellinia De Not., from which Amphirosellinia differs mainly in having immersed to erumpent stromata that lack surrounding subicular hyphae and in having synnematous anamorphs with the conidiogenous cells tightly arranged in palisades.
The cellular appendage found on the young ascospores does not persist into maturity. All five accepted Amphirosellinia species have dark, ellipsoid-inequilateral ascospores with a long, sigmoid germ slit, it is of interest to note. Although these features reinforce our belief that these species are congeneric, we presently consider these ascospore characteristics to be species specific; ascospores of additional species could differ somewhat. Moreover ascospores with a sigmoid germ slit can be found in various xylariaceous genera (e.g., Biscogniauxia Kuntze, Hypoxylon Bull., and Xylaria Hill ex Schrank). The ascal apical rings of the Amphirosellinia are higher than broad. In considering this characteristic together with the presence of a cellular appendage on young ascospores and the geniculosporium-like anamorph, there is little doubt that Amphirosellinia is related to Entoleuca Syd., Halorosellinia Whalley, E.B.G. Jones, K.D. Hyde & Læssøe, Kretzschmaria Fr., Nemania S.F. Gray, Rosellinia, Stilbohypoxylon Henn., and Xylaria species.
Synnematous anamorphs were produced in the cultures of the three newly described species—A. fushanensis, A. nigrospora and A. tennesseensis. Amphirosellinia evansii, although not cultured, produced capitate synnemata on the young stromata and on the natural substratum around the stromata. The conidiophores of these fungi are much alike in every aspect despite the fact that they were produced from culture or nature. Lacrymoid, hyaline to subhyaline conidia were born on these conidiophores. The anamorph of A. evansii was referred to the form-genus Dematophora R. Hartig by Læssøe and Spooner (1994), a name often associated with the anamorphs of various Rosellinia species. However, it should be noted that Dematophora cannot be applied simply to all the geniculosporium-like anamoprhs that form synnemata. The form-genus should be limited to include hyphomycetes similar to the anamorph of R. necatrix Prillieux, characterized by having conidiogenous structures tightly bundled at the stipes but remaining loose at the conidiogenous cells (Saccas 1956). The synnemata in A. evansii and other Amphirosellinia species with a known anamorph have densely arranged, palisade-like conidiogenous cells and look much like those of Stilbohypoxylon. However, Stilbohypoxylon differs in having ascomata developed in the base of synnemata whose remnants often remain attached on the maturing ascomata (Rogers and Ju 1997).
Other xylariaceous genera also are characterized by having uniperitheciate or oligoperitheciate stromata that might be confused with Amphirosellinia. Rogers and Ju (1996) resurrected the genus Entoleuca, into which they placed two species: E. callimorpha Syd. & Petr. and E. mammata (Wahlenberg : Fr.) J.D. Rogers & Y.-M. Ju. The perithecia of Entoleuca are immersed in white stromatal tissue. A layer of thin, carbonaceous stromatal tissue, instead of enclosing the entire perithecium as in Amphirosellinia, merely overlies the perithecia. More noticeable are the bark-rupturing conidial pillars or specialized synnemata found in E. mammata on natural substrata (Rogers and Berbee 1964). The synnemata in A. evansii, the only species in the genus that has been observed to produce an anamorph on the natural substratum, grow superficially and are not associated necessarily with the stromata. Moreover, the ascospores of Entoleuca are cylindrical and more or less equilateral.
Helicogermslita Lodha & D. Hawksw. was erected for H. celastri (S.B. Kale & S.V.S. Kale) Lodha & D. Hawksw. (
Amphisphaerella celastri S.B. Kale & S.V.S. Kale), based primarily on the ascospore germ slit spiraling 2–4 coils from end to end. Although the lack of an ascal apical ring was emphasized in the protologue (Hawksworth and Lodha 1983), Dargan et al (1984) reported that the apical ring indeed is present and can be stained blue in Melzer’s iodine reagent. More species were added to the genus by Læssøe and Spooner (1994) and Petrini (2002). The anamorph unfortunately remains unknown in Helicogermslita. Petrini et al (1987) isolated from Suaeda fruticosa Forska°l an endophytic strain of Anthostomella calligoni P. Frol., which was considered by these authors to be a close relative of H. celastri. It produced the teleomorph in culture but lacked an anamorph. Læssøe and Spooner (1994) believed that the presence of a white outer stromatal layer, which they considered to be the ectostroma, on developing stromata and the possession of discoid ascal apical rings are of diagnostic value for Helicogermslita. In Amphirosellinia, no white outer stromatal layer exists and the ascal apical rings are higher than broad. It also should be noted that all the Helicogermslita species accepted by Læssøe and Spooner (1994) and Petrini (2002) have equilateral ascospores, as opposed to the inequilateral ones in the Amphirosellinia species. The ascospore germ slits in H. celastri are helicoid and spiraling 2–4 coils, but those in some of the species added to Helicogermslita by Læssøe and Spooner (1994) and Petrini (2002) appear only sigmoid.
Amphirosellinia evansii (Læssøe & Spooner) Y.-M. Ju, J.D. Rogers et H.-M. Hsieh, comb. nov. FIGS. 1–10 [ Rosellinia evansii Læssøe & Spooner, Kew Bull. 49:35. 1994.]
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for a description of the teleomorph. A diagnosis is given as: Stromata globose, 1.2–3 mm diam x 1.2–1.6 mm high, erumpent and usually surrounded with 3–5 lobes of ruptured host tissue. Perithecia globose, 1–1.4 mm diam. Asci with an apical ring staining blue in Melzer’s iodine reagent, long barrel-shaped, 6–10 µm high x 6–7 µm broad. Ascospores blackish brown, ellipsoid-to cylindrical-inequilateral, with narrowly to broadly rounded ends, 22–27 x 8.5–10 µm, with a long, sigmoid germ slit running from end to end on ventral side. Anamorph. – Synnemata produced directly on substratum or associated with stromata, 0.1–0.3 mm diam x 0.3–0.5 mm high, solitary, determinate, capitate; fertile parts olivaceous, 0.1–0.3 mm diam, supported by grayish brown stipes 0.1 diam x up to 0.4 mm high. Conidiophores in upright palisades, dichotomously branched several times from base, brown, smooth. Conidiogenous cells terminal, cylindrical, 22–30 x 3–4 µm, pale brown, smooth, bearing lateral and terminal denticulate conidial secession scars. Conidia produced holoblastically in sympodial sequence, subhyaline to pale brown, smooth, lacrymoid, 6.5–8 x 3–3.5 µm, with flattened base ca. 1 µm broad indicating former point of attachment to conidiogenous cell.
Specimens examined. – UK. ENGLAND: Norfolk, Roosting Hill Pits, on decorticated fallen branch of deciduous tree, 19 Jul 1988, Evans, R. (K[M] 111987 PARATY PE). USA. CALIFORNIA: Humboldt County, Trinidad, near Spruce Cove, on dead Alnus rubra, Mar 1934, Parks, H.E., California Fungi 561, as Rosellinia aquila (K[M] 69363 HOLOTY PE).
Commentary. –
This fungus initially was placed in Rosellinia by Læssøe and Spooner (1994). The differences between Amphirosellinia and Rosellinia have been noted under the generic description. Amphirosellinia evansii is the only species in the genus with erumpent stromata surrounded by lobes of ruptured host tissue. The other Amphirosellinia species have their stromata largely buried in the bark. We have examined two of the specimens cited in Læssøe and Spooner (1994). The lobes are more conspicuous in the UK specimen (FIG. 4
), which has longer ascal apical rings than those in the holotype specimen (i.e., 9–10 µm versus 6–7 µm). The ascospores from the UK specimen tend to be more cylindrical (FIG. 9) than ellipsoid as can be found in the holotype specimen.
Læssøe and Spooner (1994) reported an evanescent gel sheath present on the ascospores. We, however, were unable to find it on mature or immature ascospores. The cellular appendage of the ascospore that Læssøe and Spooner (1994) failed to observe can be found on immature ascospores.
Amphirosellinia fushanensis Y.-M. Ju, J.D. Rogers et H.-M. Hsieh, sp. nov. FIGS. 11–19
Etymology. – Refers to the collecting site.
Stromata plerumque solitaria, depressa-globosa, 0.9–1.1 mm lata x 0.8–1 mm alta, plerumque immersa vel subinde epidermide imminenti rimoso partes peritheciorum praebentibus; superficies carbonacea, ca. 0.1 mm crassa; textura minima inter superficiem et perithecium. Perithecia depressa-globosa, 0.8–1.2 mm lata x 0.7–0.9 mm alta. Ostiola papillata. Asci cylindrici, stipitati, ascosporis uniseriatis, 200–230 µm longitudine tota x 11–14 µm crassi partibus sporiferis 120–135 µm longitudine, stipitibus 70–100 µm longitudine, annulo apicali in liquore iodato Melzeri cyanescente, subulato, 14–16 µm alto x 6.5–8 µm lato. Ascosporae fuscae, unicellulares, ellipso-ideo-inequilaterales, apicibus attenuatis, 17.5–22 x 6.5–7.5 µm, rima germinativa sigmoidea longa in latere complanato praeditae; episporium leve.
Stromata mostly solitary, depressed-globose, 0.9–1.1 mm diam x 0.8–1 mm high, largely immersed or occasionally with the overlying epidermis cracked to expose upper part of perithecia; outer crust carbonaceous, ca. 0.1 mm thick; tissue between the crust and perithecium scanty. Perithecia depressed-globose, 0.8–1.2 mm diam x 0.7–0.9 mm high. Ostioles papillate. Asci cylindrical, stipitate, with ascospores arranged in uniseriate manner, 200–230 µm total length x 11–14 µm broad, the spore-bearing parts 120–135 µm long, the stipes 70–100 µm long, with an apical ring staining blue in Melzer’s iodine reagent, spearhead-shaped, 14–16 µm high x 6.5–8 µm broad. Ascospores dark brown, 1-celled, ellipsoidine-quilateral, with narrowly rounded ends, 17.5–22 x 6.5–7.5 µm, with a long, sigmoid germ slit running from end to end on ventral side; epispore smooth.
Culture and anamorph. – Colonies covering Petri dishes in 2 wk, at first whitish, velvety, faintly zonate, with fimbriate to crenate margins, becoming pinkish from center outward, cottony, with clear to yellow exudates. Reverse uncolored. Synnemata scattered on colony surface, solitary or in tufts, determinate, capitate; fertile parts olivaceous, 0.2–1.2 mm diam, supported by white stipes 0.2–0.5 mm diam x 0.5–3 mm high. Conidiophores in upright palisades, dichotomously branched several times from base, brown, smooth. Conidiogenous cells terminal, cylindrical, 18–30 x 3–4 µm, pale olivaceous brown, smooth, bearing lateral and terminal denticulate conidial secession scars. Conidia produced holoblastically in sympodial sequence, subhyaline to pale olivaceous, smooth, lacrymoid, 6–8 x 2.5–3 µm, sometimes with an inconspicuous corona on top, with flattened base ca. 0.5 µm broad indicating former point of attachment to conidiogenous cell.
Specimen examined. – TAIWAN. TAIWAN PROV.: I-lan County, Fu-shan, on dead twigs of Cyclobalanopsis longinux, Ju, Y.-M. & Hsieh, H.-M. 91111209 (CULTURED) (HOLOTY PE HAST).
Commentary. –
The characteristic spearhead-like ascal apical rings readily separate A. fushanensis from A. quercina. The latter species also has perithecia smaller in diameter and is known only in the US thus far. While commenting on A. evansii, Læssøe and Spooner (1994) mentioned that an IMI specimen collected from Taiwan is similar to the species, but the ascospores are smaller and the stromata lack the surrounding lobes of ruptured host tissue. The IMI specimen probably belongs here.
Amphirosellinia nigrospora Y.-M. Ju, J.D. Rogers et H.-M. Hsieh, sp. nov. FIGS. 20–28
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Stromata depressa-globosa, 1.2–1.5 mm lata x 1–1.2 mm alta, solitaria vel infrequenter 2–4 aggregata, plerumque immersa; superficies carbonacea, ca. 0.1 mm crassa; textura minima inter superficiem et perithecium. Perithecia depressa-globosa, 1.1–1.4 mm lata x 1–1.2 mm alta. Ostiola papillata. Asci cylindrici vel clavati, stipitati, ascosporis ex parte biseriatis, 230–260 µm longitudine tota x 23–25 µm crassi, partibus sporiferis 150–170 µm longitudine, stipitibus 60–100 µm longitudine, annulo apicali in liquore iodato Melzeri subcaeruleo vel caeruleo, longo urniformi, 10.5–12.5 µm alto x 5.5–7 µm lato. Ascosporae fuscae, unicellulares, ellipsoideo-inequilaterales, apicibus latis, 26.5–32 x 11.5–13.5 µm, rima germi-nativa sigmoidea longa in latere complanato praeditae; episporium leve.
Stromata depressed-globose, 1.2–1.5 mm diam x 1–1.2 mm high, solitary or, less frequently, 2–4 aggregated, largely immersed; outer crust carbonaceous, ca. 0.1 mm thick; tissue between the crust and perithecium scanty. Perithecia depressed-globose, 1.1–1.4 mm diam x 1–1.2 mm high. Ostioles papillate. Asci cylindrical to clavate, stipitate, with ascospores arranged in partially biseriate manner, 230–260 µm total length x 23–25 µm broad, the spore-bearing parts 150–170 µm long, the stipes 60–100 µm long, with an apical ring staining light blue to blue in Melzer’s iodine reagent, long urn-shaped, 10.5–12.5 µm high x 5.5–7 µm broad. Ascospores blackish brown, 1-celled, ellipsoid-inequilateral, with broadly rounded ends, 26.5–32 x 11.5–13.5 µm, with a long, sigmoid germ slit running from end to end on ventral side; epispore smooth.
Culture and anamorph. – Colonies covering Petri dishes in 4 wk, at first whitish, velvety, azonate, with submerged, diffused margins, becoming pinkish, felty, with clear exudates. Reverse pinkish. Synnemata scattered on colony surface, solitary, determinate, globose or capitate; fertile parts olivaceous, 1–2 mm diam, directly born on colony surface or supported by white stipes 0.5 mm diam x up to 3 mm high. Conidiophores in upright palisades, dichotomously branched several times from base, brown, smooth. Conidiogenous cells terminal, cylindrical, 20–25 x 3–4 µm, pale olivaceous brown, smooth, bearing lateral and terminal denticulate conidial secession scars. Conidia produced holoblastically in sympodial sequence, subhyaline to pale olivaceous, smooth, lacrymoid, 8–9.5 x 3–4 µm, frequently with a corona on top, with flattened base ca. 1 µm broad indicating former point of attachment to conidiogenous cell.
Specimens examined. – TAIWAN. TAIWAN PROV.: Nan-tou County, Tsui-fong, on dead twigs, 23 Sep 2002, Ju, Y.-M. & Hsieh, H.-M. 91092308 (CULTURED) (HOLOTY PE HAST); Tao-yuan Co., Fu-hsin, La-la-shan, on dead wood, 25 Apr 1997, Chen, C.-Y. (NCHUPP 2521, only microscope slides examined).
Commentary. –
This fungus has the largest ascospores in the genus. The teleomorph previously has been reported by Hsieh and Chen (2000) in Taiwan as Rosellinia evansii, from which A. nigrospora differs in having largely immersed stromata, larger ascospores and larger conidia frequently with a corona on the top. The colonies spread slowly on OMA, not covering 9 cm Petri dishes until 1 mo. Synnemata did not appear before 6 wk.
Amphirosellinia quercina (Petr.) Y.-M. Ju, J.D. Rogers et H.-M. Hsieh, comb. nov. FIGS. 29–34 [ Leptomassaria quercina Petr., Sydowia 6:354. 1952. = Leptomassaria americana Petr., Sydowia 7:121. 1953. Rosellinia americana (Petr.) F. Rappaz, Mycologia Helv. 7:154. 1995.]
See Rappaz (1995, as Rosellinia americana) for a description of the teleomorph. A diagnosis is given as: Stromata depressed-globose, 0.7–0.9 mm diam x 0.6–0.8 mm high, solitary or, occasionally, with 2–3 aggregated in a pustule, largely immersed. Perithecia depressed-globose, 0.6–0.8 mm diam x 0.5–0.7 mm high. Asci with an apical ring staining blue in Melzer’s iodine reagent, barrel-shaped, 6–7.5 µm high x 5.5–7 µm broad. Ascospores dark brown, ellipsoid-inequilateral, with narrowly rounded ends, (15.5–) 16.5–20.5 x 6–8 µm, with a long, sigmoid germ slit running nearly from end to end on ventral side.
Anamorph. – Unknown.
Specimens examined. – USA. MARYLAND: Beltsville, on twigs of Quercus sp., Jul 1950, Petrak, F.10544 (W 05828 & 11871 [2 pks.] HOLOTY PE of L. quercina); Beltsville, on twigs of Sassafras officinale, Jun 1950, Petrak, F.10543 (W 05906 & 12142 [2pks.] HOLO-TY PE of L. americana).
Commentary. –
Amphirosellinia quercina was placed in Rosellinia (as R. americana) by Rappaz (1995) who suspected that this fungus and R. evansii ( Amphirosellinia evansii) were in synonymy. These two fungi are different primarily in the latter having erumpent stromata surrounded with ruptured epidermal tissue and larger ascospores. Amphirosellinia fushanensis has a similar ascospore size range as A. quercina, differing mainly in having spearhead-like ascal apical rings. Also compare with A. tennesseensis (See the commentary on that species).
Amphirosellinia tennesseensis Vasilyeva, J.D. Rogers, Y.-M. Ju et H.-M. Hsieh, sp. nov. FIGS. 35–44
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Stromata obovoidea, 0.7–0.9 mm lata x 1.1–1.3 mm alta, ex parte immersa partibus infimis materia alba fungali circumcincta; superficies carbonacea, ca. 0.1 mm crassa; textura minima vel absentia inter superficiem et perithecium. Perithecia obovoidea, 0.6–0.7 mm lata x 1–1.1 mm alta. Ostiola papillata. Asci cylindrici, stipitati, ascosporis uniseriatis, 190–210 µm longitudine tota x 9–10 µm crassi, partibus sporiferis 115–135 µm longitudine, stipitibus 65–100 µm longitudine, annulo apicali in liquore Melzeri sub-caeruleo vel caeruleo, longo urniformi, 11–15(–18) µm alto x 6–7 µm lato. Ascosporae fuscae, unicellulares, ellipsoideo-inequilaterales, apicibus angustatis, (18–)19–23(–27) x 7.5–8.5 µm, rima germinativa sigmoidea longa in latere complanato praeditae; episporium leve.
Stromata obovoid, 0.7–0.9 mm diam x 1.1–1.3 mm high, 3–10 aggregated in a pustule, largely immersed, with lower halves surrounded with white fungal material; outer crust carbonaceous, ca. 0.1 mm thick; tissue between the crust and perithecium scanty or lacking. Perithecia obovoid, 0.6–0.7 mm diam x 1–1.1 mm high. Ostioles papillate. Asci cylindrical, stipitate, with ascospores arranged in uniseriate manner, 190–210 µm total length x 9–10 µm broad, the spore-bearing parts 115–135 µm long, the stipes 65–100 µm long, with an apical ring staining light blue to blue in Melzer’s iodine reagent, long urn-shaped, 11–15(–18) µm high x 6–7 µm broad. Ascospores dark brown, 1-celled, ellipsoid-inequilateral, with narrowly rounded ends, (18–)19–23(–27) x 7.5–8.5 µm, with a long, sigmoid germ slit running from end to end on ventral side; epispore smooth.
Culture and anamorph. – Colonies covering Petri dishes in 1.5 wk, at first whitish, velvety, zonate, with fimbriate margins, becoming overlain with appressed, blackish patches, with clear exudates. Reverse uncolored. Synnemata densely arranged in concentric zones on colony surface, solitary or in tufts, determinate, branched or unbranched; fertile parts olivaceous, globose, 0.5–1 mm diam, supported by pinkish, upward attenuated stipes 1 mm diam at base x up to 3 mm high. Conidiophores in upright palisades, dichotomously branched several times from base, subhyaline to brownish, smooth. Conidiogenous cells terminal, cylindrical, 22–32 x 4–4.5 µm, pale olivaceous brown, smooth, geniculate, bearing lateral and terminal denticulate conidial secession scars. Conidia produced holoblastically in sympodial sequence, subhyaline to pale olivaceous, smooth, lacrymoid, 7–8.5 x 3–3.5 um, sometimes with an inconspicuous corona on top, with flattened base ca. 0.5 µm broad indicating former point of attachment to conidiogenous cell.
Specimen examined. – USA. TENNESSEE: Cosby, Low Mount Cammerer Trail, on branches of Betula sp., 2 Mar 2002, Vasilyeva, L. (CULTURED) (WSP HOLOTY PE).
Commentary. –
The present fungus is peculiar among the Amphirosellinia species in constantly having multiple perithecioid stromata aggregated in a pustule and in having the lower halves of the stromata embedded in white fungal material. Amphirosellinia quercina, despite having similar ascospore morphology, lacks the surrounding white fungal material and contains only one or, occasionally, 2–3 perithecioid stromata in each pustule. Furthermore, Amphirosellinia tennesseensis has longer ascal apical rings and slightly longer ascospores. The stromata of A. tennesseensis emerge from the lenticels of birch (FIG. 35) much like those of Hypoxylon multiforme (Fr. : Fr.) Fr. Amphirosellinia tennesseensis grew rather fast on OMA, reaching the periphery of 9 cm Petri dishes in 1.5 wk. The synnemata were produced immediately after the outspreading of the colonies on which they were densely arranged in concentric zones.
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KEY TO THE AMPHIROSELLINIA SPECIES TREATED |
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TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONMATERIALS AND METHODSTAXONOMYKEY TO THE AMPHIROSELLINIA...KEY TO SOME GENERA...LITERATURE CITED |
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KEY TO SOME GENERA THAT MIGHT BE CONFUSED WITH AMPHIROSELLINIA |
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TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONMATERIALS AND METHODSTAXONOMYKEY TO THE AMPHIROSELLINIA...KEY TO SOME GENERA...LITERATURE CITED |
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for a key to the xylariaceous genera with immersed stromata and Lu and Hyde (2000) for additional potential genera.
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During the study, we have come across a specimen collected nearly a hundred years ago from Montana, USA. Although it was identified as Hypoxylon ianthinum Cooke, its morphological features do not register the fungus in Hypoxylon but Entoleuca. It differs from the other species of the latter genus and thus is described as new.
Entoleuca ellisii Y.-M. Ju, J.D. Rogers et H.-M. Hsieh, sp. nov. FIGS. 45–47
Etymology. – In honor of the great American mycologist, J.B. Ellis.
Stromata pulvinata, 1–2.5 mm lata x 1 mm alta, cum 2–8 peritheciis inclusa, partibus infimis in textura hospitis diluta immersa; superficies carbonacea, ca. 0.1 mm crassa, perithecia tengentibus et ex parte includentibus; textura sub superficie et inter perithecium alba et molle. Perithecia globosa, 0.6–0.8 mm lata. Ostiola conica-papillata. Asci non visi. Ascosporae brunneolae vel brunneae, ellipsoideae vel cylindricae, equilaterales vel leviter inequilaterales, apicibus latis, 13–17 x 4.5–5 µm, rima germinativa multo minus longitudine sporae praeditae; episporium leve. Paraphyses non visae.
Stromata pulvinate, 1–2.5 mm diam x ca. 1 mm high, containing 2–8 perithecia, with lower one-third to one-quarter immersed in bleached host tissue; surface at first white, becoming dull black as the pruinose layer wears off; outer crust carbonaceous, ca. 0.1 mm thick, overlying and partially encasing perithecia; tissue immediately beneath crust and between perithecia white, soft. Perithecia globose, 0.6–0.8 mm diam. Ostioles conic-papillate. Asci not found. Ascospores light brown to brown, 1-celled, ellipsoid to cylindrical, equilateral to slightly inequilateral, with broadly rounded ends, 13–17 x 4.5–5 mm, with straight germ slit much less than spore-length on convex side when spore inequilateral; epispore smooth. Paraphyses not found.
Anamorph. – Unknown.
Specimen examined. – USA. MONTANA: Sand Cou-lee, on decorticated wood of Salix amygdaloides, 20 Jul 1889, Anderson, F.W., Fung. Montana No. 573 (BPI 738659 HOLOTY PE).
Commentary. –
Although the cited material is limited in quantity and devoid of asci, it shows the features typical of the genus Entoleuca as discussed by Rogers and Ju (1996) (i.e., a carbonaceous crust overlying and partially encasing multiple perithecia; abundant white, soft fungal tissue surrounding the perithecia; and equilateral to slightly inequilateral ascospores with a germ slit). Entoleuca ellisii differs from the other two Entoleuca species accepted in Rogers and Ju (1996) in having smaller ascospores and a short, inconspicuous ascospore germ slit.
The cited material at BPI is obviously a duplicate of a NY specimen. The NY specimen originally was determined as Hypoxylon ianthinum Cooke by J.B. El-lis, according to the writing of C.L. Shear on the specimen envelope. We unfortunately were unable to locate it at NY and thus designate the BPI material as the holotype of the fungus. The holotype of H. ianthinum at K is a genuine Hypoxylon species and con-specific with H. fuscopurpureum (Schwein. : Fr.) M.A. Curtis ( Ju and Rogers 1996). To our knowledge there are no additional collections of Entoleuca ellisii.
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS |
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FOOTNOTES |
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1 Corresponding author. E-mail: yumingju{at}gate.sinica.edu.tw
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LITERATURE CITED |
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TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONMATERIALS AND METHODSTAXONOMYKEY TO THE AMPHIROSELLINIA...KEY TO SOME GENERA...LITERATURE CITED |
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