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Mycologia, 96(4), 2004, pp. 845-858.
© 2004 by The Mycological Society of America

The genus Pleurotus in Argentina


Bernardo E. Lechner 1
Jorge E. Wright

     PRHIDEB-CONICET, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires (1428), Buenos Aires, Argentina, and Instituto Fitotécnico de Santa Catalina, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales, Llavallol, Buenos Aires, Argentina

Edgardo Albertó

     Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas IIB-INTECH (CONICET-UNSAM), C. C. 164, (7130) Chascomú s, Buenos Aires, Argentina

   ABSTRACT
TOP
 ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
 MATERIALS AND METHODS
 TAXONOMY
 KEY TO SPECIES OF...
 LITERATURE CITED
 

Macro- and micromorphological characters of specimens of the genus Pleurotus (Fr.) P. Kumm. in Argentina obtained in the field and from different national herbaria were analyzed. Cultivation techniques were used to obtain basidiomata, allowing for a macro- and micromorphological study of fresh developing fruit bodies. We concluded that in Argentina there are, so far, six species, namely P. albidus, P. cystidiosus, P. ostreatus, P. pulmonarius, P. rickii and P. djamor, the latter with three varieties: var. djamor, var. cyathiformis and var. roseus.

Key words: cultivation, Pleurotaceae, South America, taxonomy


   INTRODUCTION
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
MATERIALS AND METHODS
 TAXONOMY
 KEY TO SPECIES OF...
 LITERATURE CITED
 
The systematic position of Pleurotus (Fr.) P. Kummer has been much debated. Singer (1951)Go transferred several species of Pleurotus sensu lato to Hohenbuehelia and placed the former in Polyporaceae, tribus Lentineae and the latter in the Tricholomataceae, tribus Resupinateae. Kühner and Romagnesi (1953)Go placed several pleurotoid genera, included Pleurotus, within the family Pleurotaceae, irrespective of spore-print color and other micromorphological characters. Kühner (1980)Go placed Pleurotus and Hohenbuehelia S. Schulz. in the family Pleurotaceae, with Pleurotus in the tribus Lentineae and Resupinatus S. F. Gray in Resupinateae. Corner (1981)Go based the segregation of Pleurotus (Fr.) P. Kummer, Lentinus Fr. and Panus Fr. on the hyphal system and included several species of Singer’s Pleurotus in Lentinus. Phylogenetic studies by Hibbett and Vilgalys (1993)Go and Hibbett and Donoghue (1995)Go have indicated that there are at least four distinct genera: Pleurotus, Lentinus, Panus Fr. and Neolentinus Redhead & Ginns. Within the genus Neolentinus there are several species that produce brown rot and were included by Pegler (1983)Go in Lentinus which, like Pleurotus, produces a white rot (Redhead and Ginns 1985Go). Thorn et al (2000)Go clarified the systematic position of Pleurotus through phylogenetic analysis based on partial sequences from nuclear 25S rDNA that indicated a monophyletic Pleurotaceae with the monophyletic genera Pleurotus and Hohenbuehelia. The capacity of both genera to attack and consume nematodes (Barron and Dierkes 1977Go, Thorn and Barron 1984Go, 1986Go, Barron and Thorn 1987Go, Hibbett and Thorn 1994Go) supports the monophyly of this family.

The knowledge of the genus Pleurotus in Argentina is scant; Spegazzini (1880–1881Go–1887Go–1898Go–1926Go), Singer and Digilio (1951)Go, Singer (1956Go, 1960Go, 1961aGo), Raithelhuber (1974Go, 1977Go, 1987Go, 1991Go) and Spinedi (1995)Go recorded 21 species and only four currently are accepted within Pleurotus (TABLE IGo).


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  		TABLE I. Species of the genus Pleurotus, their first citation in Argentina and the present name
 

   MATERIALS AND METHODS
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 MATERIALS AND METHODS
TAXONOMY
 KEY TO SPECIES OF...
 LITERATURE CITED
 
Macro- and micromorphology. – Specimens were described macroscopically. The description of species combines cultures and herbarium specimens. Color names are in accordance with Munsell Color Co. (1954)Go. Citation of authors of taxa is according to Kirk and Ansell (1992)Go. Herbarium abbreviations follow Holmgren et al (1990)Go. Specimens are deposited in the BAFC Mycological Herbarium. Microscopic examination of tissues mounted in 5% KOH and 1% aqueous phloxine was undertaken.

Culture characters. – Cultures were inoculated in 90 mm Petri dishes using Nobles’ (1948)Go medium and incubated in the dark at 25 C. Aspect, color, growth rate, odor and microscopic structures of both the aerial and the submerged mycelium were observed weekly for 6 wk according to Nobles (1965)Go.

Basidiome production. – To obtain fresh basidiomata to complement the study of the macro- and micromorphology, traditional methods for fruiting species of Pleurotus were used (Zadrazil 1974Go, Stamets 1993Go). A mixture of sawdust (77%), wheat meal (15%), oatmeal (5%) and CaCO3 (3%) was introduced in 40 x 25 cm polypropylene bags and autoclaved at 120 C for 2 h. After cooling they were inoculated with spawn of different strains and incubated in the dark at 25 C. After 15 d, bags were kept at 18–20 C with 9 h light/15 h dark photoperiod to induce basidiome formation.

Strains used. – P. albidus: ARGENTINA, BUENOS AIRES, La Lucila, in canker of Salix humboldtiana, 5-V-1996, BAFC 2787; La Plata, on stump, III-1996, coll. J. Deschamps, BAFC 809; Pergamino, on Salix sp., 6-IV-1996, coll. E. Albertó, BAFC 695; Tigre, on Populus sp., 10-III-1997, coll. C. Lázzari, BAFC 136; CAPITAL FEDERAL, on Cordyline sp., 10-VI-1989, coll. A. Martinez, BAFC 2545; CÓ RDOBA, La Punilla, on Populus sp., 25-II-2001, coll. N. Manero & B.J. Lechner, BAFC 190; MISIONES, Pto. Libertad, on dead tree of Araucaria angustifolia, 10-IV-1985, coll. J. Deschamps, BAFC 215. P. cystidiosus: ARGENTINA, CAPITAL FEDERAL, Barrio La Paternal, on dead zone of Platanus sp., coll. S. Frachia, 18-IV-2000; BAFC 188. P. djamor var. djamor: ARGEN-TINA, MISIONES, El Palmital del cruce, 28-V-2001, coll. E. Albertó, BAFC 821. P. djamor var. roseus: ARGENTINA, MISIONES, El Palmital del cruce, 28-V-2001, coll. E. Albertó, BAFC 815; BRAZIL, (as P. ostreatoroseus), on leaf of Agavaceae, MUCL 35.018. P. ostreatus: ARGENTINA, CAPITAL FEDERAL, 18-IV-1994, coll. P. Pica, BAFC 2034; NEUQUEN, Moquehue, on trunk of Araucaria araucana, III-1993, coll. J. del Vas, BAFC 120; ITALY, (as P. columbinus), isolated from commercial fruit body, isolated and determined by T.H. Quimio, MUCL 38.069. P. pulmonarius: ARGENTINA, BUENOS AIRES, Ezeiza, on living declining tree of Populus sp., 25-VII-1987, coll. J. Deschamps, BAFC 1003; MISIONES, San Pedro, on branches of Araucaria angustifolia, 27-V-2001, coll. E. Albertó & O. Popoff, BAFC 76; San Pedro, 26°32'S, 54°04'W, on branches of A. angustifolia, 27-V-2001, coll. D. Krueger, BAFC 213; same location, same host, same date, coll. E. Albertó, BAFC 263.


   TAXONOMY
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 MATERIALS AND METHODS
 TAXONOMY
KEY TO SPECIES OF...
 LITERATURE CITED
 
Pleurotus (Fr.) P. Kummer (1871)

Champignons du Jura & Vosges p. 62. 1872 em., nomen conservandum.

Spec. Typ.: Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq. et Fr.) P. Kummer.

Syn.:

Agaricus trib. Pleurotus Fr., Syst. Mycol. 1:178. 1821.

Crepidotus Nees ex S. F. Gray, Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. 1:616. 1821.

Pleurotus P. Kummer, Führ. Pilzk. p. 24. 1871.

Pleurotus Quél., Enchir., p. 147. 1886.

Dendrosarcus Paulet ex Kunze. Rev. Gen. Pl. 2:462. 1889 nom. nud.

Antromycopsis Pat. & Trabut, Bull. Soc. Myc. Fr. 13: 215. 1897 (imperfect form of sect. Coremiopleurotus (cfr. Pollack & Miller, Mem. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 28:174–178. 1976).

Lentodiopsis Bubák, Hedwigia 43:169. 1904 (type L. albida Bubák, l. c.).

Lentodiellum Murr., Mycologia 7:216. 1915 (type Panus concavus Berk.).

Nothopanus Sing., Mycologia 36:364. 1944.

Pterophyllus Lév., Ann. Sc. Nat. III 2:178. 1844 (type P. bovei Lév.).

Basidiomes usually large, fleshy, solitary to imbricate, flabellate to dimidiate, glabrous to tomentose, white, cream, gray, pink, brown, more rarely blue, yellow or lilac. Stem short, solid, eccentric to lateral, rarely subcentral. Lamellae decurrent, sometimes anastomosing to the stem, light-colored, thin to broad, margin entire. Veil present or absent at margin of pileus or forming an annular zone on the stem. Spore print white, cream, pinkish or lilac.

Spores cylindrical to subcylindrical, thin-walled, hyaline, not amyloid or dextrinoid, without germ pore. Cheilocystidia absent or poorly developed, disappearing early, thin-walled, clavate or mucronate. Subhymenium well developed, hymenophoral trama irregular. Pileipellis frequently poorly developed, with parallel radial hyphae, sometimes pigmented. Hyphal system monomitic or dimitic, gelatinous "tissue" usually absent; clamps present. Lignicolous.

Observations. – The genus Pleurotus does not have clear distinctive characters as occurs with other genera.

The hyphal system may be monomitic or dimitic, without binding hyphae. This character might confuse the boundaries with other related genera, such as Lentinus (Stankovicová, 1973Go). There exists a clear delimitation in Pleurotus between species with a monomitic hyphal system, thin- or thick-walled generative hyphae, such as P. ostreatus, P. pulmonarius, P. albidus, P. cystidiosus, and dimitic ones, such as P. djamor and P. rickii.

All Pleurotus species have thin-walled, smooth, cylindrical to subcylindrical spores. They may be small (<8 µm long) such as P. auriovillosus (Corner 1981Go), medium (8–12 µm) such as P. albidus and large (>13 µm long) such as P. cystidiosus.

The pileipellis is generally a cutis. In P. cystidiosus and P. djamor, there may be pileocystidia. It is important to stress the significance of the broad pileipellis to differentiate P. ostreatus from P. pulmonarius, the latter much thinner than the former.

One of the distinctive characters of the genus is an irregular hymenophoral trama combined with a well developed subhymenium that, according to Singer (1986)Go, is always more than 7 µm thick.

Pleurotus does not exhibit chemical reactions. Oleiferous hyphae can be distinguished in different "tissues" of the basidiocarp that turn yellow with 5% KOH. Spores of all known species of Pleurotus are negative in Melzer’s solution.

Mycologists who studied this taxon (Singer 1986Go, Kühner 1980Go, Pilát 1935Go, Hilber 1982Go, Moser 1986Go, Watling and Gregory 1989Go) have subdivided it differently.

In this paper, we adopt the subdivision proposed by Hilber (1982)Go, who divided the genus Pleurotus in three subgenera, to which we add Subgenus tuberregium. Singer (1961bGo, 1986Go) considers this a subgenus of Pleurotus and Pegler (1975Go, 1983)Go a species of Lentinus. Thorn et al (2000)Go have demonstrated that its mycelium has microdroplets. We have not found this species in Argentina.

Subgenus Tuberregium Sing.: Pileus white to brown, veil not well developed, Stipe eccentric to subcentral; without coremia; Hyphal system dimitic. A conspicuous sclerotium is produced.

Subgenus Pleurotus: Hyphal system in mature specimens monomitic or dimitic, with a distinct stipe; neither coremia nor veil present. Spore print white, cream, lilac or pinkish.

i) Species with a monomitic hyphal system: P. ostreatus (Jacq.: Fr.) P. Kummer (with var. ostreatus and var. columbinus Quél. apud Bres.), P. pulmonarius (Fr.) Quél. and P. albidus (Berk.) Pegler.

ii) Species with a dimitic hyphal system: P. djamor (Fr.) Boedijn, with three varieties, according to Corner (1981)Go: var. djamor, var. roseus Corner and var. cyathiformis Corner.

Subgenus Coremiopleurotus O. Hilber: coremia present on lamellae, base of stipe or mycelia or on the substrate; pileocystidia present and well developed; with or without veil; stipe eccentric or lateral. Hyphal system monomitic; spore print white, cream, never livid or pinkish.

P. cystidiosus O.K. Miller

Subgenus Lentodiopsis (Bubák) O. Hilber: Basidiocarps with conspicuous veil; distinct stipe; hyphal system dimitic, without coremia.

P. rickii Bres.


   KEY TO SPECIES OF PLEUROTUS IN ARGENTINA
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 MATERIALS AND METHODS
 TAXONOMY
 KEY TO SPECIES OF...
LITERATURE CITED
 

1. Hyphal system dimitic 2
1'. Hyphal system monomitic 5
    2.Basidiome with a conspicuous veil; stipe well developed P. rickii
    2'. Basidiome without a veil 3
3.Pileus cyathiform, spores 6.2–7.3 x 2.6–3.1 µm P. djamor var. cyathiformis
3'. Pileus not cyathiform 4
    4.Pileus white, stipe lateral or absent, spores 6.0–7.8 x 2.6–3.1 µm P. djamor var. djamor
    4'. Pileus pinkish, spores 6.7–10 x 2.6–3.6 µm. P. djamor var. roseus
5.Coremia present on the substrate, pileocystidia present, well developed, stipe eccentric or lateral P. cystidiosus
5'. Coremia not present 6
    6.Pileus white to cream, margin often lacerate-crenate P. albidus
    6'. Pileus grayish to grayish brown, margin entire, rarely lacerate-crenate 7
7.Pileipellis larger than 100 µm thick. Fruiting from autumn to winter, odor pleasant, not anise-like P. ostreatus
7'. Pileipellis not larger than 60 µm broad, fruiting in summer to autumn, odor often anise-like P. pulmonarius

Pleurotus albidus (Berk.) Pegler

Kew Bull., Addit. ser. 10:219, 1983.

Lentinus albidus Berkeley. 1843. Hooker J. Bot. 2:633.

Lentinus calvescens Berkeley & Curtis. 1856. Hook. J. Bot. 8:143.

Pleurotus jacksonii Berkeley & Cooke. 1877. J. Linn. Soc. London 15:363.

Panus laciniatocrenatus Spegazzini. 1880. An. Soc. Cient. Arg. 9:164.

Pleurotus laciniatocrenatus (Speg.) Spegazzini. 1919. Bol. Acad. Nac. Cienc. Córdoba 23:381–382.

Basidiocarp cornucopioid, clitocybioid, omphalloid to lentinoid (i.e., L. crinitus), usually gregarious in troops of 2–30 basidiomata. Pileus circular, infundibuliform (FIGS. 1Go, 11A, BGo),27–225 mm broad x 30–170 mm long, glabrous, hygrophanous, white to cream (C2Pl9, Maerz and Paul 1930Go), sometimes with brown color next to the attachment of the stipe, margin entire to laciniate-crenate, thin, usually incurved (especially when dr y), frequently lemon yellow through drying. Lamellae deeply decurrent, becoming anastomosing ridges on the stipe, subdistant to crowded, 6–8 mm broad, white. Stipe 35–80 mm long x 5–33 mm diam, upward fluted through lamellar bases, tapering downward, usually curved-ascendant, dull white, felty, occasionally with hairs at the base. Spore print white to cream. Odor fungal. Usually on fallen trunks, rarely living trees of Salix sp., Ulmus sp. and Platanus sp.



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  		FIG. 1. Pleurotus albidus, macromorphology. A. collected basidiocarps (BAFC 50.944); B. young basidiocarps obtained from strain BAFC 136 and C. mature; D. mature basidiocarps obtained from strain BAFC 695; E. Idem D. Scale bar = 5 cm for A and C; 4 cm for B, D and E.

 


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  		FIG. 11. Basidiomata of different species of Pleurotus from Argentina. A. P. albidus from nature and B. from culture; C. P. cystidiosus; D. coremia from P. cystidiosus; E–G. P. djamor from nature. E. var. djamor, F. var. roseus, G. var. cyathiformis; H–J. P. ostreatus, H. from nature, I and J. from culture; K–L. P. pulmonarius, K. from nature, L. from culture. Scale bar = 30 cm for A, 8 cm for B, 4 cm for C and E, 6 mm for D, 5.5 cm for F–G, 8 cm for H, 14 cm for I, 16 cm for J–L.

 
Basidiospores (5.2–)8–9.5(–11.4) x 2.6–3.2 µm; Q = 3.15 long, very variable in length, oblong, smooth, hyaline, thin-walled, IKI- (FIG. 2AGo). Basidia 18.5–24 x 4.5–5.2 µm subcylindrical to clavate, hyaline, 4-spored, numerous, fusiform to mucronate, nonemergent basidioles measuring like the basidia (FIG. 2CGo). Cheilocystidia absent. Hyphae of pileus context generative, hyaline, frequently branched, 4.0–12.5 µm diam (FIG. 2BGo). Hyphae of hymenophoral trama 4.5–6.5 µm diam, irregular to subparallel, close, occasionally oleiferous hyphae present, conspicuously yellow in KOH (FIG. 2CGo). Subhymenium not well developed, 13–17 µm thick, with pseudoparenchymatous, isodiametric, hyaline hyphae (FIG. 2CGo). Hyphae of stipe 4.5–18.5 µm diam, hyaline, generative, thin-walled and thick-walled (more than 0.4 µm thick), branched (FIG. 2DGo); on the surface, hairs formed by hyaline, generative, branched, thick-walled (0.3–0.7 µm thick) hyphae 2.5–5.5 µm diam Hyphae of pileipellis 2.5–4.5 µm diam, hyaline, thin- to thick-walled; pileocystidia not observed.



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  		FIG. 2. Pleurotus albidus, micromorphology. A. Spores; B. Hyphae of the pileus; C. Hymenophoral trama; D. Hyphae of stem. Scale bar = 20 µm.

 
Culture characters. – Mycelium hyaline, with thick strands that give a feathery aspect, whitish, cottony zones near inoculum. Colony growth radial, loose and felty. Margin irregular, festooned, to regular according to the strain studied. Odor like almonds. Mycelial mat covering Petri plates in 3–4 wk. Occasionally, orange exudate droplets produced principally in the center and near the inoculum when all Petri plates were fully grown.

Advancing mycelium with hyaline, thin-walled, clamped hyphae 2–4.6 µm diam. At the center of the colony generative, clamped, broader and less branched hyphae 1.5–4.7 µm diam. The number of hyphal branches increases when the colony becomes old, near the inoculum 2.0–4.7 µm diam. Microdroplets 2.0–5.0 µm diam.

Geographic distribution. – Northeastern and central Argentina.

Material studied. – ARGENTINA, BUENOS AIRES, San Clemente del Tuyu, Parque Municipal, on fallen trunk of Salix sp., 13-VI-1999, leg. E. Albertó, BAFC 50.261; Costa del Este, at the base of trunk of living Platanus sp., 17-III-2002, leg. B.E. Lechner, BEL 79, (BAFC 51.136); Monte Grande, on Populus sp., 25-V-1997, leg. M. Vallejo, BAFC 34.533; Llavallol, Sta. Catalina forest, on fallen trunk, 26-III-1998, leg. E. Albertó, BAFC 50.047; same location, same substrate, 6-V-1999, leg. Albertó & Pire, BEL 10 (BAFC 50.413); same location, 15-VI-1999, leg. Albertó & Pire, BAFC 50.268; same location, 1-V-2000, leg B. Lechner, BEL 40 (BAFC 50.919); same location, 8-V-2000, leg. B. Lechner, BEL 39 (BAFC 50.920); Punta Lara, Boca Cerrada, 20-VII-1971, leg. Gomez & Del Busto, BAFC 50.874; same location, on fallen trunk of Salix humboldtiana, 1-VI-1949, leg. Lindquist & Singer, S 60; Parque Pereyra, on trunk of Ulmus sp., 4-VI-1999, leg. Albertó, Pereyra & Analía, BAFC 50.267; Escobar, in canker of Populus sp., 18-VI-2000, leg. B. Lechner, BEL 80 (BAFC 50.642); same location, 23-VI-2002, BAFC 51.135; Bella Vista, 13-III-1996, leg. P. Pica, BAFC 50.695; Llavallol, fruit bodies obtained from strain BAFC 2787, 13-VI-2000 and 14-VI-01, leg. B. Lechner, BAFC 51.045; basidiocarps obtained from strain BAFC 136, XII-99 and 13-VI-2000, leg. B. Lechner, BAFC 50.917; fruit bodies obtained from strain BAFC 809, leg. B. Lechner, 13-X-2000, BAFC 50.905, 31-II-2000, BAFC 50.872 and V-1999, BAFC 51.102; fruit bodies obtained from strain BAFC 695, 28-VI-1999, leg. B.E. Lechner, BAFC 50.322; fruit bodies obtained from strain BAFC 190, 19-VI-2001, leg. B.E. Lechner, BAFC 51.046; fruit bodies obtained from strain BAFC 215, leg. B. Lechner, 4-VIII-2000, BAFC 50.873, 31-XI-2000 (BAFC 50.872), 6-VI-2000 (BAFC 50.927); Castelar, INTA, leg. E. Albertó, BAFC 51.168; CAPITAL FEDERAL, 15-III-1996, leg. J. Deschamps, BAFC 51.100; CÓ RDOBA, Villa Giardino, La Punilla, on Populus sp., 17-VII-2000, leg. B. Lechner, BEL 55 (BAFC 50.726); same location, 25-II-2001, leg. N. Manero & B. J. Lechner, BEL 70 (BAFC 50.944); TUCUMÁN, Sierra San Javier, Parque de Aconquija, ad truncum vetustum (Phoebe porphyria), 10-VII-1949, leg. R. Singer, T 599; Departamento de Tafí, Río de los Sosas, on rotten trunk, 26-II-1952, leg. R. Singer, T 1879 (LIL).

Remarks. – The hyphal system of these basidiocarps is monomitic, similar to several Pleurotus species such as P. ostreatus, P. pulmonarius, P. populinus Hilber & Miller and P. abieticola Petersen & Hughes (Albertó et al 2002Go). P. albidus is characterized by its fragile nature, white to cream color and its remarkable laciniate-crenate margin. Several specimens exhibited great morphological variability, observed not only in collections from nature but also in fruit bodies obtained in culture. It seems as if certain species form basidiocarps similar to P. cornucopiae, characterized by their anastomosed lamellae on the stipe, such as BAFC 809; whereas others form more plane and shorter basidiocarps, without such characteristics, as BAFC 136 (see FIGS. 1Go, 11A, BGo). P. albidus is the species of major distribution in the Argentina, with several collections and strains obtained from diverse species of living trees to stumps and fallen trunks.

Pleurotus cystidiosus O.K. Miller

Mycologia 61:889. 1969.

Nomen anamorphosis: Antromycopsis macrocarpa (Ellis & Everh) Stalpers, Seifert & Samson.

Basidiome solitary to imbricate (FIGS. 3AGo, 11CGo). Pileus 13–17 x 8.5–9.5 cm, pleurotoid, surface brown to grayish brown (Munsell, 7.5YR, 5/4–10YR, 5/2) with numerous punctiform squamules formed by surface cracking, more numerous toward the margin; margin entire, slightly to much festooned, hardly involute. Stipe brown (Munsell, 10YR, 3/3) to grayish (Munsell, 10YR, 5/1–6/1) almost lateral 3.6–5 x 2.2–3.5 cm, tapered to the base. Context white 15–28 mm broad, fleshy when fresh, compact, corky when dry. Lamellae white when fresh, yellow (Munsell, 2.5YR, 8/8) when dry, 4–10 mm broad, thinner toward the stipe, decurrent, and forming a pseudoreticulum. Odor agreeable, fungal. Edibility: good.



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  		FIG. 3. Pleurotus cystidiosus. A. Basidiocarp; B. Spores; C. Basidia; D. Microscopic characters of anamorph. Scale bar 1 = 30 µ m for B–D; Scale bar 2 = 10 cm for A.

 
Spores hyaline, cylindrical-oblong, thin-walled, smooth, (11.0–)12–16(–18.0) x 4.0–6.0 µm Q = 3.01 (FIG. 3BGo). Basidia 2-, 3- and 4-spored, 37–44 x 5.2–9 µm (FIG. 3CGo). Subhymenium narrow, inconspicuous, ca 5 µm thick. Cheilocystidia absent. Pleurocystidia (?) with granular contents, clavate, 50 x 7–7.8 µm. Pileipellis 80–100 µm broad, formed by clamped, brown, parallel, scanty branched, 3–5 µm diam hyphae; among them brown, thick-walled, cystidiform hyphae, 3.6–5.2 µm diam (FIG. 4DGo). Context monomitic, formed by clamped, thin-walled, hyaline hyphae, 3.8–9.4 µm diam (FIG. 4BGo). Hyphae of stipe similar to those of context, with cystidiform ends 3.9–4.7 x 3.6–6 µm, and thick-walled, 3–7.8 µm diam (FIG. 4CGo). Hymenophoral trama formed by generative, thin-walled, clamped 5.2–10 µm diam hyphae, and thick-walled 3.6–4.2 µm diam (FIG. 4AGo).



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  		FIG. 4. Pleurotus cystidiosus. A. Hyphae of hymenophoral trama; B. Hyphae of context; C. Hyphae of stem; D. Pileocystidia. Scale bar = 30 µm.

 
Anamorph. – Coremia black, caespitose, formed by a globose head, 0.4–0.9 mm diam, and a stem 0.6–1.25 mm long and 0.1–0.2 mm diam (FIG. 11DGo), formed by thin-walled clamped hyphae, which slowly disarticulate at the ends into fuliginous, cylindrical conidia 5.2–6.2 x 14.5–17 µm (FIG. 3DGo).

Culture characters. – Mycelium hyaline, filamentous, dense, whitish near the inoculum, growth radial, well adhered to the substrate. At first, a large amount of hyaline, aerial mycelium was observed, more whitish later; coremia appearing on the inoculum, but in strain BAFC 188, they later appeared away from it. Different densities in the mycelium of the colonies originate folds. At the fourth week, discontinued growth. Odor disagreeable, putrid. Mycelium not covering the Petri plates in 6 wk.

Advancing mycelium with hyaline, clamped, thin-walled, regularly branched hyphae 1.5–4.2 µm diam. At the middle zone of the colony hyaline, clamped, regular to very branched, contorted hyphae 2.0–4.2 µm diam. Hyphae near inoculum less branched, with granular content 2.6–4.2 µm diam. Microdroplets 1.0–2.0 µm diam.

Geographic distribution. – East central Argentina.

Material studied. – ARGENTINA, BUENOS AIRES, Llavallol, fruit bodies obtained from strain BAFC 188, leg. B.E. Lechner, 24-VII-2001 (BAFC 51.092), 9-X-2001 (BAFC 51.093) and III-2002 (BAFC 51.134); La Plata, Plaza San Martín, XII-27-1994, leg. H. Spinedi, LPS No. 45.441; CAPITAL FEDERAL, barrio de La Paternal, on dead zone of Platanus sp., IV-18-2000, leg. S. Fracchia, BAFC: 51.103; SANTA FE, Rosario, Fisherton, III-2000, leg. M. Dimarco, BAFC 51.101; UNITED STATES, INDIANA, Brown Country, Hoosier National Forest, fruit bodies obtained from culture of a white, stringy trunk rot of a living Acer rubrum; leg. O.K. Miller, OKM 7122, HOLOTY PE.

Remarks. – P. cystidiosus is characterized by a squamulose pileus surface with pileocystidia and the presence in culture of an anamorph phase with coremia. The study of collections of P. smithii from LPS shows that the pileus had pileocystidia and its macro- and micromorphological characters point to P. cystidiosus. The basidiocarps were collected in warm seasons (summer and early autumn) and on living, not autochthonous trees. This could explain the difficulties to produce fruit bodies artificially.

Pleurotus djamor (Fr.) Boedijn

in De Wit, H.C.D., Ed., Rumphius Memorial Vol., p. 292, 1959.

Agaricus djamor Rumphius apud Fries. 1821. Syst. Mycol. 1:185.

Agaricus arboreus secundus Rumphius. 1750. Fl. Amboin. 11:125.

Agaricus caryophyllus Berkeley. 1872. J. Linn. Soc. 13:157.

Agaricus emerici Berkeley. 1880. Gard. Chron. 21(2):240.

Agaricus ëous Berkeley. 1850. Hooker, J. Bot. 2:83.

Pleurotus ëous (Berk.) Saccardo. 1887. Syll. Fung. 5:361.

Agaricus flabellatus Berkeley & Curtis. 1871. J. Linn. Soc.11:528.

Agaricus griseo-roseus Montagne. 1851. Syll. Gen. Spec. Cryptog., p. 114.

Pleurotus griseo-roseus (Mont.) Saccardo. 1887. Syll. Fung. 5:386.

Agaricus luteoalbus Beeli. 1928. Bull. Soc. Roy. Bot. Belge 60:163.

Agaricus leptogramme Berkeley & Broome. 1871. J. Linn. Soc. 11:529.

Agaricus moselei Berkeley. 1878. Challenger. No. 37.

Agaricus ninguidus Berkeley. 1850. Hooker’s J. Bot. 2:84.

Pleurotus ninguidus (Berk.) Saccardo. 1887. Syll. Fung. 5:361.

Pleurotus ostreatoroseus Singer. 1961. Publ. Inst. Mic., Univ. Recife 304:10.

Agaricus pacificus Berkeley. 1842. London J. Bot. 1:451.

Agaricus placentodes Berkeley. 1852. Hooker’s J. Bot. 4:104.

Agaricus prometheus Berkeley & Curtis. 1858. Amer. Acad. Arts & Sci. 4: No. 30.

Pleurotus salmoneostramineus Vasil’eva. 1973. Agar. & Bol. Primorsk Reg., p. 85.

Pleurotus scabellus Saccardo. 1887. Syll. Fung. 5:374.

Agaricus scabriusculus Berkeley. 1873. J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 13:157.

Pleurotus scabriusculus (Berkeley) Saccardo. 1887. Syll. Fung. 5: 374.

Pleurotus djamor (Fr.) Boedijn var. djamor

in De Wit, H.C.D., Ed., Rumphius Memorial Vol., p. 292, 1959.

Pileus white 25–40 x 23–40 mm, spathulate to flabelliform (FIGS. 5AGo, 11EGo), brown when dry; glabrous, smooth to touch; margin entire, frequently lobate and imbricate in old specimens. Context 0.5–6 mm thick, always less than 1 mm when dry. Lamellae white 2–4 mm broad, 1.5–1.75 mm in dry state, decurrent, crowded, smooth, margin entire. Stipe 5–6 mm long x 3–4 mm diam, lateral, smooth, rarely absent. Spore print white. Odor not distinct. Good edibility.



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  		FIG. 5. Pleurotus djamor var. djamor. A. Basidiocarp; B. Hyphae of the hymenophoral trama; C. Hyphae of the pileus; D. Hyphae of the stem. Scale bar 1 = 5 cm for A; scale bar 2 = 30 µm for B–D.

 
Spores (6.0–)6.7–7.2(–7.80) x 2.60–3.12 µm Q = 2.44, cylindrical-oblong, hyaline, not dextrinoid or amyloid, thin-walled. Basidia club-shaped 26–28 x 4–5.2 µm. Cheilocystidia mucronate 26–31 x 7–7.8 µm. Hymenophoral trama dimitic, with sharp-pointed skeletal hyphae 3–4.4 µm and clamped generative hyphae 3.1–6.24 µm diam (FIG. 5BGo). Pileipellis 100–160 µm broad with hyphae arranged parallel to the pileus but somewhat irregularly entangled. Context with generative hyphae 3.6–5.2 µm diam and skeletals 3–5.2 µm (FIG. 5CGo). Stem context with narrower generatives, 2.6–3.1 µm diam and skeletals 3.1–5.2 µm diam (FIG. 5DGo).

Culture characters. – Mycelium hyaline, filamentous, radial growth, well adhered to substrate. Margin irregular, undulate. Against the light, an unequal refraction was observed, causing a relief aspect. Odor not distinct. The mycelium did not cover the Petri plates in 6 wk. Pinkish zones were observed in some strains.

Advancing mycelium with hyaline, thin-walled, clamped, scantly branched 1.5–2.6 µm diam hyphae. In the middle of the colony with some contorted hyphae 1.5–4.2 µm diam. Near the inoculum with regularly branched hyphae 1.6–4.2 µm diam. Micro-droplets 2.5–5.2 µm diam not observed in dikaryotic mycelia, but present in monokaryotic mycelia.

Geographic distribution. – Northeastern Argentina.

Material studied. – ARGENTINA, MISIONES, Iguazú National Park, San Martin Island, 3-VI-1998, leg. E. Albertó, BAFC 50.585; El Palmital del Cruce, 28-V-2001, leg. E. Albertó, BAFC 51.126; BOLIVIA, Guayaramerín, Prov. Vaca Diez, Dpto. Beni, 16-III-1956, leg. R. Singer, B 2028 (BAFC 34.234; BAFC 34.235).

Remarks. – P. djamor var. djamor is a white pantropical species characterized microscopically by having a dimitic hyphal system.

Pleurotus djamor var. roseus Corner

Beih. Nova Hedw. 69, p. 123. 1981.

Pileus 16–50 x 10–25 mm, spathulate to flabelliform (FIGS. 6AGo, 11FGo), pinkish when fresh, whitish or yellowish upon aging, clear brown when dry. Surface smooth, glabrous. Context 1–6 mm thick, less than 1 mm when dry. Lamellae decurrent, close to crowded, whitish, smooth, margin entire. Stipe 3–7 mm long x 3–6 mm diam, whitish when fresh, cream when dry, eccentric, almost lateral. Surface irregular. Spore print white.



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  		FIG. 6. P. djamor var. roseus. A. Basidiocarps; B. Spores; C. Cheilocystidia; D. Hymenophoral trama and hymenium; E. Hyphae of the pileus; F. Hyphae of the stem. Scale bar 1 = 5 cm for A; scale bar 2 = 30 µm for B–F.

 
Spores (6.7–)8.3–8.5(–9.9) x 2.60–3.64 µm Q = 2.8, cylindrical-oblong, hyaline, smooth, neither dextrinoid nor amyloid, thin-walled (FIG. 6BGo). Basidia club-shaped 26–28 x 5–6 µm, 4-spored. Numerous basidioles or pleurocystidia. Cheilocystidia 23–32 x 6–8 µm, lageniform to mucronate (FIG. 6CGo). Hymenophoral trama completely irregular, dimitic, with clamped hyphae 3.6–5 µm diam and skeletals 3–6 µm diam, unbranched (FIG. 6DGo). Subhymenium 16–20 µm thick, well developed, formed by irregularly shaped cells (FIG. 6DGo). Pileipellis with repent hyphae densely arranged toward the surface. Context dimitic, with skeletal, sharp-ended, 670–800 µm long hyphae, 2.6–5.8 µm diam, and thin-walled hyphae, generative, 3.6–6.2 µm diam (FIG. 6EGo). Context of stem formed by generative hyphae 2–4 µm diam and skeletals 2.6–4 µm (FIG. 6FGo).

Geographic distribution. – Northeastern Argentina.

Material studied. – ARGENTINA, BUENOS AIRES, Llavallol, Sta. Catalina, fruit bodies obtained from strain BAFC 815, 25-IX-2001, leg. B.E. Lechner, BAFC 51.094; fruit bodies obtained from strain MUCL 35.018, 20-X-2000, leg. B.E. Lechner, BAFC 50.909; MISIONES, Iguazú National Park, San Martin Island, 3-VI-1998, leg. E. Albertó, BAFC 50.317; El Palmital del Cruce, 28-V-2001, leg. E. Albertó, BAFC 51.127.

Remarks. – The basidiocarps of this variety are pinkish or salmon-pink when young, discoloring to pale pink, whitish to yellowish with age. Distinction of var. djamor from var. roseus probably has been confused often.

Pleurotus djamor var. cyathiformis Corner

Beih Nova Hedw 69, p. 124. 1981

Pileus white 24–37 x 13–30 mm, cyathiform, surface smooth (FIGS. 7AGo, 11GGo), with brown stains that disappear when dry. Context white 1–5 mm broad, less than 1 mm when dry. Lamellae decurrent, close to crowded, smooth, margin entire. Stipe 13–35 mm long x 2–4 mm diam, eccentric. Spore print white.



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  		FIG. 7. P. djamor var. cyathiformis. A. Basidiocarps; B. Spores; C. Portion of hymenia, subhymenia and hymenophoral trama; D. Hyphae of the stem; E. Hyphae of the hymenophoral trama; F. Hyphae of the pileus flesh. Scale bar 1 = 3 cm for A; scale bar 2 = 30 µm for B–F.

 
Spores (6.2–)6.5–6.8(–7.3) x 2.60–3.12 µm Q = 2.58, cylindrical-oblong, hyaline, neither dextrinoid nor amyloid, thin-walled (FIG. 7BGo). Basidia 26–27.5 x 4.2–5 µm, club-shaped, 4-spored (FIG. 7CGo). Numerous basidioles or pleurocystidia present (FIG. 7CGo). Cheilocystidia not observed. Hymenophoral trama completely irregular, monomitic, with thin-walled generative hyphae 2.6–5.2 µm diam, some with slightly thickened walls (FIGS. 7C and EGo); subhymenium 11–16 µm thick, well differentiated, with hyphae more spherical than in other varieties (FIG. 7CGo). Pileipellis 30–60 µm, with repent hyphae arranged in parallel, although sometimes somewhat entangled. Context dimitic, with generative hyphae 3.64–10.4 µm diam and skeletals 4–5.2 µm diam (FIG. 7FGo). Stem also dimitic, with generative hyphae 6.2–11.4 µm diam and skeletals 3.6–6.2 µm diam (FIG. 7DGo).

Geographic distribution. – Northeastern Argentina.

Material studied. – ARGENTINA, MISIONES, Palo Rosa forest (El Palmital), on route 101, 4-VI-1998, leg. E. Albertó, BAFC 50.699.

Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq.: Fr.) P. Kummer

Führer der Pilzkunde: 105. 1871.

Agaricus ostreatus Jacq. 1775. Fl. Austr. 3: pl. 288.

Agaricus ostreatus Jacq.: Fr. 1821. Syst. Mycol. 1:182.

Agaricus salignus Pers. 1801. Syn. Meth. Fung: 479.

Agaricus salignus Pers.: Fr. 1821. Syst. Mycol 1:183.

Pleurotus salignus (Pers.: Fr.) P. Kummer. 1871. Führ Pilzk: 105.

Pleurotus columbinus Quel. 1881. in Bres., Fungi tridentini 1:10.

Pleurotus floridanus. Singer. 1946. Pap. Mich. Acad. Sci. 32:134.

Pleurotus florida Eger. 1965. Arch. Mikrobiol. 50:343. nom. nud.

Pileus 65 x 80 mm when dry; caespitose, smooth (FIGS. 8AGo, 11H–JGo), margin involute at first, solid, brownish yellow (Munsell, 10YR 6/6). Basidiomata obtained in culture with pileus 110 x 130 mm, with similar characters to collections obtained in field but the basidiocarps developing more isolated. Lamellae decurrent, close, broad, ca 5 mm, not very thick, pale yellow (Munsell, 2,5Y 8/4), margin entire. Stipe 15–20 x 11–15 mm, eccentric-lateral, short, surface smooth. Flesh white, thin, ca 2 mm thick, corky. Odor fungal. Spore print white to cream.



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  		FIG. 8. Pleurotus ostreatus. A. Basidiocarp; B. Spores; C. Basidia; D. Hyphae of the trama; E. Hyphae of the stem; F. Hyphae of the pileus. Scale bar 1 = 10 cm for A; scale bar 2 = 20 µm for B–F.

 
Spores (8–)8.3–10.7(–13) x 3.1–3.6 µm Q = 2.4; cylindrical, hyaline, not amyloid, smooth (FIG. 8BGo). Basidia 29–31 x 7–10 µm, club-shaped, 4-spored (FIG. 8CGo). Cheilocystidia not observed. Pleurocystidia absent or similar to basidioles. 23–30 x 5–6 µm. Sub-hymenium 20–23 µm broad. Hymenophoral trama not completely irregular, with sclerified hyphae in some collections 4.7–10.4 µm diam, or thin-walled, 2.5–4.2 µm diam (FIG. 8DGo). Oleiferous hyphae not observed. Hyphae of context branched 2.6–6.2 µm (FIG. 8FGo). Hyphae of stipe thin-walled 3.1–5.2 µm diam, scantily branched and constant diameter to sclerified 5.2–7 µm diam (FIG. 8EGo). Pileipellis variable, according to the collections, 40–110 µm thick; generally larger than 100 µm thick. Monomitic.

Culture characters. – Mycelium hyaline, growth feathery, with whitish arachnoid zones near the inoculum; increased aerial mycelium and more cottony at the second week. Margin irregular. Bleached zones at reverse of agar. Odor not distinct. The mycelium covered Petri plates between 1 and 2 wk. Primordia of fruit bodies were observed.

Advancing mycelium with generative, clamped, hyaline, regularly branched hyphae 1.0–2.5 µm diam. In the middle of the colony hyphae are generative, clamped, thin-walled, regularly branched, 1.0–5.0 µm diam. Mycelium near inoculum with generative, thin-walled, regularly branched and variable diameter hyphae 1.5–5.2 µm diam. Microdroplets 1.5–2.0 µm diam.

Geographic distribution. – East central and southwestern Argentina.

Material studied. – ARGENTINA, BUENOS AIRES, Llavallol, Sta. Catalina, fruit bodies obtained from strain BAFC 120, leg. B. Lechner & E. Albertó, IV-1999, BAFC 50.119, BAFC 50.563; fruit bodies obtained from strain BAFC 2034, 20-III-1999, leg. B. Lechner, BAFC 50.918; fruit bodies obtained from strain MUCL 38.069 (P. columbinus), leg. B. Lechner & E. Albertó, IV-2000, BEL 64; fruit bodies obtained from strain BAFC 2473 (CBS 29.147), leg. B.E. Lechner, X-2000, BAFC 50.907 and 50.908; fruit bodies obtained from strain BAFC 2478 (CBS 14.522), leg. B.E. Lechner, 13-X-2000, BAFC 50.903, and 27-VI-2000 (BAFC 50.910); Ezeiza, 12-III-1972, leg. J. Deschamps, BAFC 1.625; La Plata, obtained from culture, leg. H. Spinedi, 24-VII-1992, LPS No. 45.080; Parque Pereyra, on trunk of Populus sp., leg. Singer-Horak-Wright, 20-VI-1962, BAFC 51.137; CATAMARCA, Santa María, on living and dead trunk of Salix sp., T 3.754 (LIL); NEUQUÉN, Aluminé, Moquehue, on trunk of Araucaria araucana, leg. Jorge del Vas, III-1993 CIEFAP 10.813 (BAFC 50.119); Lanín National Park, growing on A. araucana, leg. M. Rajchenberg, 20-V-1999, CIEFAP 11.940; ibid., growing on A. araucana, leg. M. Rajchenberg, VI-1999, CIE-FAP 11.941; TUCUMÁN, Estancia Las Pavas, 19-VI-49, leg. Cei, T 573 (LIL); Tapia, on dry trunk, 23-III-1948, leg. Gold-bach (LIL); tropical wood, on trunk, 27-I-1951, leg. R. Singer, T 1.116 (LIL).

Remarks. – Fruit bodies of different collections showed great variability, characterized by sclerified hyphae or thin-walled hyphae in the stem and hymenophoral trama and by the pileipellis being of variable thickness. This indicates the necessity to make further studies to separate Pleurotus ostreatus and P. pulmonarius, such as mating (Vilgalys et al 1993, Lechner et al 2002Go) or molecular studies (Thorn et al 2000Go, Gonzales and Labarère 2000Go).

Pleurotus pulmonarius (Fr.) Quél.

Champignons du Jura et des Vosges I; 113, pl. 4. FIG. 8Go. 1872.

Agaricus pulmonarius Fr. : Fr. 1821. Syst. Mycol. 1:187.

P. pulmonarius (Fr. : Fr.) Quél. 1872. Mém. Soc. Émull. Montbéliard 2, sér. 5:11.

P. ostreatus var. pulmonarius (Fr. : Fr.) Pilát. 1933. Bull. Trimest. Soc. Myc. Fr. 49:281.

P. araucariicola Sing. 1953. Lilloa 26:141.

Pileus 27–30 x 15–17 mm, flabelliform (FIGS. 9AGo, 11K, LGo), whitish to grayish (Munsell, HUE 7/1–7/2 5Y), very pale brown (Munsell, HUE 8/4 10YR) when dry, surface smooth, glabrous, shiny, gelatinous. Lamellae decurrent, crowded, 2–3 mm broad, cream, yellow (Munsell, 10YR 8/6) when dry, margin entire. Stipe eccentric to lateral, smooth, 2–10 mm long x 2–6 mm diam. Flesh 2–5 mm thick, less than 1 mm when dry, corky. Odor agreeable, aromatic, not anise-like.



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  		FIG. 9. Pleurotus pulmonarius. A. Basidiocarp; B. Spores; C. Hyphae of the pileus; D. Hymenium, subhymenium and hymenophoral trama; E. Hyphae of the stem. Scale bar 1 = 5 cm for A; scale bar 2 5 20 µm for B–E.

 
Spores (6.8–)7.8–9.4(–10.9) x 2.6–3.6 µm Q = 2.8, cyASlindrical-oblong, hyaline, thin-walled, IKI- (FIG. 9BGo). Basidia 24–26 x 4.1–5.2 µm, club shaped, 4-spored (FIG. 9DGo). Cheilocystidia absent. Numerous basidioles or pleurocystidia, 23–30 x 5–6 µm (FIG. 9DGo). Hymenophoral trama completely irregular, with clamped, sclerified hyphae, 5.2–7.8 µm diam and thin-walled hyphae 3.5–10.4 µm diam; oleiferous hyphae not observed (FIG. 9DGo). Context of pileus with generative hyphae 4.2–10.4 µm diam, thin- and thick-walled (FIG. 9CGo). Hyphae of stem generative, thick-walled 3.6–6.3 µm diam (FIG. 9EGo). Pileipellis a cutis, 20–40 µm thick, not well differentiated, with hyphae parallel and radial arranged.

Culture characters. – Mycelium hyaline, whitish and arachnoid near inoculum. Later more white, cottony, with increasing aerial mycelium. Radial growth was generally observed; sometimes feathery. Margin irregular. Reverse of agar unchanged. Odor of bitter almonds. Mycelium covered Petri plates within 1–2 wk.

Advancing mycelium with clamped, thin-walled hyphae 1.5–6.2 µm diam, more branched in the center of the colony, with hyphae 2.1–7.8 µm diam and near inoculum 1.5–4.2 µm diam. Microdroplets 3.0–6.0 µm diam.

Geographic distribution. – Northeastern and east central Argentina.

Material studied. – ARGENTINA, BUENOS AIRES, Ezeiza, on live but diseased tree of Populus nigra, 25-VII-1987, leg. J. Deschamps, BAFC 30.999; CAPITAL FEDERAL, Barrio Palermo, on Salix humboldtiana, VI and VII-1881, leg. C. Spegazzini, LPS 17.084; MISIONES, San Pedro, on branches of Araucaria angustifolia, 27-V-2001, leg. E. Albertó & O. Popoff, BAFC 51.090; San Pedro, 26°32'S, 54°04'W, on branches of Araucaria angustifolia, 27-V-2001, leg. D. Krueger, BAFC 51.091; same location, same host, same date, leg. E. Albertó, BAFC 51.089; BRAZIL, Serra, Taimbesino, 5-XI-1951, leg. R. Singer B 89 (BAFC 51.061), HOLOTY PE of P. araucariicola Sing.

Remarks. – Differentiation between P. pulmonarius and P. ostreatus is difficult. As we pointed out above, mating and molecular studies are necessary to separate them, however, the pileipellis in P. pulmonarius is thinner (20–40 µm), resulting in a more light-colored basidiocarp, whereas P. ostreatus has a thicker pileipellis (40–110 µm) and darker color. According to Hilber (1982)Go they may be distinguished by an anise odor in P. pulmonarius, but we could not perceive this feature. Instead, we could distinguish a sweet aromatic odor, different to the fungal one of P. ostreatus.

Based on observations of fruit bodies obtained from culture, we conclude that P. ostreatus specimens were stouter, with a more eccentric stem, against a lateral, rarely eccentric and less developed stem of the cultured P. pulmonarius specimens studied.

Regarding P. araucariicola, morphological studies of the holotype, as well as mating studies, revealed that it is clearly a synonym of P. pulmonarius (Lechner et al 2003Go).

Pleurotus rickii Bresadola

Ann. Mycologici 18, p. 27. 1920.

Description of the collections in dry state. – Pileus 20–45 mm, brown to grayish brown, glabrous, smooth, rather infundibuliform (FIG. 10AGo). Lamellae clear brown, 1.5–3.0 mm broad, deeply decurrent. Stipe cream, 25–55 mm long and 2–6 mm diam, slightly sulcate, solid, eccentric to subcentral, with dark strands formed by skeletal hyphae arranged along it.



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  		FIG. 10. Pleurotus rickii. A. Basidiocarps; B. Spores; C. Basidia; D. Hyphae of the hymenophoral trama; E. Hyphae of the pileus; F. Hyphae of the stem. Scale bar 1 = 4 cm for A; scale bar 2 = 20 µm for B–F.

 
Spores (8.8–)9.3–11.4(–12.4) x 2.7–(3.3)–3.6 µm, Q = 3.18, cylindrical to cylindrical-oblong, hyaline, thin-walled, neither amyloid nor dextrinoid (FIG. 10BGo). Basidia 23–26 x 5.2–7.8 µm (FIG. 10CGo). Hymenophoral trama irregular, with generative hyphae 2–5.2 µm diam (FIG. 10DGo). Pileus with generative hyphae, 2.6–7.2 µm diam, and skeletals 2.1–3.1 µm diam (FIG. 10EGo). Stem with generative hyphae, thin-walled, 3.1–4.7 µm diam and pointed skeletals 400–500 µm long and 2.6–8.3 µm diam, with a thick wall 0.3–1.5 µm thick (FIG. 10FGo). On the surface of the stem, dark strands were observed formed by skeletals hyphae 7.8–11.4 µm diam, with a thick wall, up to 2.5 µm thick (FIG. 10FGo).

Geographic distribution. – Northwestern Argentina.

Material studied – ARGENTINA, TUCUMÁN, Parque Aconquija, on leafy trunk in tropical wood, 14-IV-1951, leg. R. Singer, T 1472 (LIL); Tafí, San Javier, 6-V-1945, leg. H. Descale, T 2221 (LIL).

Remarks. – Singer (1951)Go described the species in the fresh state. The pileus was recorded as brown ("chukker brown", Maerz and Paul P15C8) mixed with pale tones with small close squamules ("cowboy", Maerz and Paul P15E11) and marginal, white, early disappearing veil; the rest smooth and glabrous; lamellae were described as white, yellow through drying; stipe "soapstone" color (Maerz and Paul P15A7), with white veil, soft, very notable when young. Spore print "opal mauve" (Maerz and Paul P51A2).

It will be important to obtain cultures of this species, so far nonexistent, to observe the presence or absence of microdroplets to confirm its place in Pleurotus because the specimens, only morphologically studied, appear to be on the boundary between Pleurotus and Lentinus.


   ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
 
This research was supported by PRHIDEB-CONICET/Argentina. We wish to thank the curators of BAFC, LIL and LPS herbaria for making available collections of species of Pleurotus for this study, as well as the curators of BAFC, CBS and MUCL culture collections for making available strains. We also thank Mario Rajchenberg (Esquel, Argentina), who provided the collection and strain of P. ostreatus from Patagonia, Argentina, and Dr R.H. Petersen (Knoxville, Tennessee) for supplying valuable information on Pleurotus species. This is paper No. 158 of the PRHIDEB-CONICET series.


   FOOTNOTES
 
Accepted for publication January 21, 2004.

1 Corresponding author. E-mail: blechner{at}bg.fcen.uba.ar


   LITERATURE CITED
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 MATERIALS AND METHODS
 TAXONOMY
 KEY TO SPECIES OF...
 LITERATURE CITED
 
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