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Taiwanoporia, a new aphyllophoralean genus

     Division of Forest Protection, Taiwan Forestry Research Institute, 53 Nan-Hai Road, Taipei 100, Taiwan

WenNeng Chou ²

     National Museum of Natural Science, 1 Kuan-Chien Road, Taichung 404, Taiwan

	ABSTRACT

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A new genus, Taiwanoporia, is proposed to accommodate a new species, T. amylospora, recently collected in Taiwan. This species has a monomitic hyphal system with simple septa, and amyloid, hyaline, smooth, subglobose basidiospores.

Key words: amyloid basidiospores, Aphyllophorales, Taiwanoporia amylospora

	INTRODUCTION

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During a survey on the aphyllophoralean fungi in Taiwan, we collected an interesting species with sessile to resupinate basidiomata, a poroid hymenophore and amyloid basidiospores. These characteristics also can be found in five aphyllophoralean genera: Amylonotus Ryvarden, Amylosporus Ryvarden, Anomoporia Pouzar, Echinodontium Ell. & Ev. and Wrightoporia Pouzar (David and Rajchenberg 1987, Ryvarden 1991, Nunez and Ryvarden 2001). Our Taiwan fungus, however, differs from Anomoporia in that it lacks clamps on the generative hyphae and it causes a white rot in the host wood; it differs from Amylosporus in that it has a monomitic hyphal system with simple septa and smooth basidiospores, and it differs from Amylonotus, Echinodontium and Wrightoporia in that it has smooth basidiospores. Although W. cylindrospora Ryvarden has smooth basidiospores, a transfer to Anomoporia has been suggested (David and Rajchenberg 1987). We thus erect a new genus to accommodate our new Taiwan fungus, Taiwanoporia amylospora.

	MATERIALS AND METHODS

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Free-hand, thin sections of basidiomata were mounted in 3% KOH. Microscopic structures were drawn with a camera lucida attached to the compound microscope (Leitz, Laborlux S). Macroscopic examinations were done with a stereo microscope (10–20x). Cultures were grown at 25 C on malt-extract agar (MEA: 2% Difco malt extract, 2% Bacto agar) and potato-dextrose agar (PDA, Difco), and were examined after 2- and 6-wk incubation. Microscope slides prepared from various parts of the colonies were mounted in water and lactophenol cotton blue for observation. Cultural responses to temperatures were determined by measuring the linear growth of colonies on agar plates at 12, 16, 20, 24, 28, 32 and 36 C for 14 d. The tannic and gallic acid medium tests for determination of decay type were carried out according to Davidson et al (1938). Material for scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was subjected to critical-point drying and coating with gold, and then examined with a Hitachi S-2400 scanning electron microscope.

	TAXONOMY

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Taiwanoporia T. T. Chang et W. N. Chou, gen. nov.

Etymology. Referring to Taiwan and Poria, a defunct genus that once contained most resupinate poroid fungi.

[Basidiomata annua, resupinata, effuso-reflexa vel pileata, lenia ubi vegeta, albida vel cremea. Pori angulares vel rotundati. Systema hypharum monomiticum; hyphae generativae efibulatae. Basidiosporae lato-ellipsoideae vel subglobosae, laeves, hyalinae, amyloideae. Typus generis: Taiwanoporia amylopora T. T. Chang & W. N. Chou.]

Basidiomata annual, resupinate, effused-reflexed to pileate, soft when fresh, whitish to creamy. Pores angular to rounded. Hyphal system monomitic; generative hyphae with simple septa (clampless). Basidiospores tear-shaped to subglobose, smooth, hyaline, amyloid. On decaying wood of Trochodendron aralioides S. et Z.

Type of genus. Taiwanoporia amylopora T. T. Chang & W. N. Chou.

Taiwanoporia amylospora T. T. Chang et W. N. Chou, sp. nov.

[Basidiomata annua, resupinata, effuso-reflexa vel pileata, sessilia vel dimidiata, solitaria vel imbricata, usque 5 cm lata x 1.2 cm crassa, lenia ubi vegeta, marginibus integris, acutis vel obtusis, deorsum curvatis ubi aridis; superficies velutina vel glabra, albida vel cremea, dilute reubescens ubi contusa, lutescens ubi arida, saepe striis irregulatim radialibus. Pori angulares vel rotundati, usque 6 per mm; pagina pori albida vel cremea, dilute reubescens ubi contusa. Tubi usque 1 cm longi, paginae pori concolores. Contextus carnosus vel to fibrosus, usque 0.2 cm crassus, paginae pori concolores. Systema hypharum monomiticum; hyphae generativae efibulatae, usque 5 µm latae, pariete tenui vel crasso, inamyloideae vel pallide dextrinoideae. Basidia clavata, 15–22 x 5.5–8 µm, 4-sterigmatibus et septo basali efibulato praedita, inamyloidea vel pallide amyloidea. Basidiosporae lacrimiformes vel subglobosae, leaves, hyalinae, 4–5.5 x 3.5–4.5 µm, amyloideae.]

Basidiomata annual, resupinate, effused-reflexed to pileate, sessile to dimidiate, single to imbricate, up to 5 cm wide x 1.2 cm thick, soft when fresh, readily separated from substrate, with margins entire, acute to obtuse, curved downward when dry; upper surface glabrous to velutinate, whitish to creamy, becoming pale pink when bruised, becoming luteus when dry, often with irregularly radial ribs. Pores angular to round, up to six per mm; pore surface whitish to creamy, pale pink when bruised. Tubers up to 1 cm long, concolorous with pore surface. Context fleshy to fibrous, up to 0.2 cm thick, concolorous with pore surface. Hyphal system monomitic; generative hyphae with simple septa, hyaline, up to 5 µm wide, thin- to thick-walled, inamyloid to weakly dextrinoid. Basidia clavate, 15–22 x 5.5–8 µm, with 4-sterigmata and a simple basal septum, inamyloid to weakly amyloid. Basidiospores tear-shaped to subglobose, smooth (finely warted by SEM), hyaline, 4–5.5 x 3.5–4.5 µm, amyloid.

[Specimens examined. TAIWAN. TAICHUNG: Anmashan, 2000–2200 m. On rotten stem of Trochodendron aralioides S. & Z., Oct 2002, T. T. Chang,TFRI 1065 (HOLOTYPE TAIF); on rotten stem of T. aralioides, Aug 2000, W. N. Chou, CWN 4802 (PARATYPE TNM).]

Cultures. Colonies on PDA and MEA media at 25 C growing slowly, 0.8–1 mm/d, with plates covered in 6–8 wk, submerged to appressed, cottony to woolly near inoculating point, hyaline to cream-colored. Advancing zone even, with marginal hyphal tips widely apart. Reverse uncolored, remaining unchanged after 6 wk. Odor none. Hymenophores not developed within 6 wk. Generative hyphae simple septate, branched, thin- to thick-walled, hyaline, up to 5 µm wide. Chlamydospores rarely present, terminal, subglobose to globose. Crystals present on the mycelium. White-rot decay type, observed both on rotting wood and in tannic and gallic acid medium tests (Davidson et al 1938). Laccase and peroxidase produced but not tyrosinase. Optimal temperature range for growth 24–28 C; minimal temperature 12 C and maximal temperature 32 C. Species code (Stalpers 1978): 1, 3, 9, 13, 14, (15), 16, (21), (22), 30, 31, (48), 53, 82, 83, 85, 89.

Commentary. The genus Taiwanoporia is characterized by sessile to resupinate basidiomata, poroid hymenophores, a monomitic hyphal system with simple septa on the generative hyphae, and tear-shaped to subglobose, hyaline, smooth, amyloid basidiospores. In addition, it causes a white rot in the host wood. Anomoporia is like Taiwanoporia in that is has a monomitic hyphal system and amyloid basidiospores (Ryvarden 1991). However, Anomoporia has clamps on the generative hyphae and causes brown rot. Amylosporus also resembles Taiwanoporia in that it has amyloid basidiospores, but it differs from the latter genus in that it has a dimitic hyphal system, generative hyphae with both simple septa and scattered verticillate multiple clamps at some septa, and gloeoplerous hyphae. The basidiospores of Taiwanoporia are smooth in light microscopy but appear finely warted in SEM. Asperulate basidiospores characterize the three genera: Amylonotus, Echinodontium and Wrightoporia. Amylonotus was proposed as a synonym of Wrightoporia (David and Rajchenberg 1987). Most species of Wrightoporia have clamps on the generative hyphae, but W. tropicalis (Cooke) Ryvarden, W. efibulata I. Lindblad & Ryvarden and W. rubella Y. C. Dai have simple septa on the generative hyphae and a typical dimitic hyphal system (David and Rajchenberg 1987; Dai 1995; Lindblad and Ryvarden 1999). Thus, David and Rajchenberg (1987) suggested that W. tropicalis should be transferred to another genus. Echinodontium has clamps on the generative hyphae and a dimitic hyphal system (Ryvarden 1991). Albatrellus Gray includes species with smooth amyloid basidiospores and simple septate generative hyphae, but it is ectomycorrhizal and most species have more or less stipitate basidiocarps (Ryvarden 1991). It should be noted that Physisporinus P. Karst., a genus with inamyloid basidiospores, share some major traits with Taiwanoporia: simple septate generative hyphae, globose basidiospores, changing color on bruising, and causing a white rot in host woods (Ryvarden 1991).

View larger version (39K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIG. 1. a. Basidiospores. b. Basidia. c. Generative hyphae. Bar = 10 µm

View larger version (157K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIG. 2. Basidiospores observed by SEM. Bar = 5 µm

	ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

	FOOTNOTES

 
¹ Corresponding author. E-mail: ttchange{at}serv.tfri.gov.tw

² E-mail: cwn{at}mail.nmns.edu.tw

Accepted for publication March 26, 2003.

	LITERATURE CITED

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS TAXONOMY LITERATURE CITED

 
Dai YC., 1995 A new species of Wrightoporia (Basidiomycetes) from China. Karstenia 35:85-89

David A, Rajchenberg M., 1987 A reevaluation of Wrightoporia and Amylonotus (Aphyllophorales, Polyporaceae). Can J Bot 68:202-209

Davidson RW, Campbell WA, Blaisdell DJ., 1938 Differentiation of wood-decaying fungi by their reactious on gallic or tannic acid medium. J Agric Res 57:683-695

Lindblad I, Ryvarden L., 1999 Studies in neotropical polypores 3 new and interesting Basidiomycetes (Poriales) from Costa Rica. Mycotaxon 71:335-359

Nuñez M, Ryvarden L., 2001 East Asian polypores II Polyporaceae s. lato. Oslo: Synopsis Fungorum 14:170-522

Ryvarden L., 1991 Genera of polypores. Nomenelature and taxonomy. Synopsis Fungorum 5. Oslo: Fungiflora. 363 p .

Stalpers JA., 1978 Identification of wood-inhabiting Aphyllophorales in pure culture. Baarn: Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences. 248 p

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