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Department of Botany, Division of Biology, University of Oslo, Blindern, P.O. Box 1045, N-0316 Oslo 3, Norway
Teresa Iturriaga
Departamento de Biología de Organismos, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Apartado 89 000, Sartenejas, Estado Miranda, Venezuela
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ABSTRACT |
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 TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTIONRESULTSDISCUSSIONLITERATURE CITED |
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Antrodiella dentipora, Ceriporia albobrunnea, C. cystidiata, Diplomitoporus allantosporus, D. stramineus, D. venezuelicus, Flabellophora fasciculata, Navisporus perennis, Nigroporus macroporus, Polyporus albostipes, Rigidoporus aurantiacus, Skeletocutis microcarpa, Tinctoporellus isabellinus, Trametes olivaceopora, T. supermodesta, Trichaptum variabilis, Tyromyces neostrigosus, T. polyporoides and Wrightoporia roseocontexta are described as new. Keys to all, except Trametes, the new neotropical species in their respective genera are included. The combinations Trichaptum griseofuscens (Mont.) Ryvarden & Iturriaga, and Tyromyces americanus (D. Reid) Ryvarden & Iturriaga are proposed.
Key words: neotropics, Polyporaceae, polypores, Venezuela
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INTRODUCTION |
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TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONRESULTSDISCUSSIONLITERATURE CITED |
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. However, intensive collecting in different parts of the country has shown that many species remain undescribed. The reason probably is that few mycologists have concentrated on poroid fungi in the Amazonian area. This is particularly true for the resupinate species that are difficult to see from above because logs have to be turned to find them. After five years of collecting, we thought it desirable to publish our results, and 19 new species are described. We have provided keys to each of the treated genera, except Trametes, including all species known from the neotropics. All species produce a white rot in dead hardwood trees, thus, this information is not repeated for each species. |
RESULTS |
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TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONRESULTSDISCUSSIONLITERATURE CITED |
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Fructificatio spathulata, pileus ochraceus, pori angulatis, 2–5 per mm, albidis vel cremicoloribus, systema hyphale dimiticum, hyphae generatoriae fibulatae, basidiosporae allantoideae 4–5 x 1–1.3 µm.
Basidiocarps pileate, spathulate to fan-shaped, up to 3 cm wide and long, 2–5 mm thick, upper surface glabrous, smooth, ochraceous, concentrically zonate with some pale brown zones, margin sharp and wavy, pore surface white to cream, pores angular to irregular, in regular parts 2–5 per mm, closer to the base more irregular and partly split up to 1 mm long in radial direction, tubes with dentate dissepiments, up to 3 mm deep, context thin, dense and white, 1 mm thick. Hyphal system dimitic; generative hyphae with clamps, hyaline, thin-walled, 3–5 µm wide; skeletal hyphae thick-walled to solid, hyaline, 2–5 µm. Basidia clavate, 4-sterigmate, 10–12 x 4–5 µm, with a basal clamp. Basidiospores allantoid, hyaline, thin-walled, smooth, IKI-, 4–5 x 1–1.3 µm. Cystidia absent.
Substrata. Known from dead hardwood. Distribution. Known only from the type locality. Remarks. Characteristics of this species are the lacerate to dentate irregular pores and the allantoid basidiospores.
Specimens examined. VENEZUELA. ARAGUA STATE: Maracay, Parque Nacional Henry Pittier, Estación Biológica Rancho Grande. On hardwood log, 25 Apr 1998, Ryvarden 40822 (HOLOTYPE, VEN; ISOTYPE, O).
KEY TO NEOTROPICAL SPECIES OF ANTRODIELLA
1. Basidiocarp resupinate . . . . . 2
1. Basidiocarp pileate . . . . . 3
2. Basidiospores 4–5 x 2.5–3 µm, pores 4–5 per mm, angular, generative hyphae with clamps . . . . . A. incrustans
2. Basidiospores 2.5 x 2 µm, pores 8 per mm round, generative hyphae with simple septa . . . . . A. subundata
3. Pores angular, in parts irregular, 1–5 per mm, or larger in parts . . . . . 4
3. Pores more or less regular and smaller . . . . . 5
4. Pores 1–3 mm wide, basidiospores subglobose . . . . . A. angulatopora
4. Pores 2–5 per mm, basidiospores allantoid . . . . . A. dentipora
5. Basidiospores allantoid to oblong ellipsoid, up to 2 µm wide . . . . . 6
5. Basidiospores broadly ellipsoid to subglobose, wider than 2 µm . . . . . 8
6. Basidiospores oblong ellipsoid 3–4 x 1.2–2 µm . . . . . A. murrillii
6. Basidiospores allantoid to cylindrical 4–4.5 x 1–1.5 µm . . . . . 7
7. Pileus brown to pale chestnut, pores 10–12 per mm, context dominated by almost solid skeletal hyphae . . . . . A. versicutis
7. Pileus ochraceous to pale brown, pores 6–7 per mm, context dominated by generative hyphae, few skeletal hyphae present . . . . . A. duracina
8. Basidiospores 4–5 x 3 µm . . . . . A. reflexa
8. Basidiospores shorter than 4 µm . . . . . 9
9. Pileus cream, to straw-colored to pale brown, context more or less as the tubes or paler, basidiocarps often reflexed . . . . . A. semisupina
9. Pileus brown to purplish black or chestnut, context brown and darker than the tubes, basidiocarp mostly fanshaped with tapering base . . . . . 10
10. Pileus finely tomentose, slowly becoming glabrous, no hymenial cystidia present, context with dark horizontal lines, with age dense and resinous . . . . . A. hydrophila
10. Pileus glabrous, small smooth cystidia arising from bent skeletal hyphae present in the hymenium, no narrow resinous band in context which however with age may become very dense and dark . . . . . A. liebmannii
Ceriporia albobrunnea Ryvarden & Iturriaga sp. nov.
Fructificatio resupinata, pori albidi vel brunnea, angulatos ad rotundi, 2–3 per mm, tubi leviter ochraceous, contextibus albidis, systema hyphale monomiticum, hyphae generatoriae hyalinae, efibulatae, basidiosporae cylindricae, 4–4.5 x 1.5 µm.
Basidiocarps annual, resupinate, brittle when dry, 10 x 4 cm long and wide, up to 2 mm thick, pore surface unevenly whitish brown, with patches where touched or bruised when fresh, pores thick-walled, round to angular, slightly irregular, 2–3 per mm with dissepiments up to 250 µm thick, tube layer pale ochraceous, up to 1 mm deep, subiculum up to 250 µm thick, cottony, white. Hyphal system monomitic; generative hyphae hyaline, thin- to slightly thick-walled, simple-septate, with sparse branching, negative in Melzer's reagent, 3–5 µm in diam. Basidia clavate, 4-sterigmate, 12–14 x 3.5–4.5 µm, simple-septate at the base. Basidiospores cylindrical, hyaline, smooth, IKI-, 4–4.5 x 1.5 µm. Cystidia absent.
Distribution. Known only from the type locality. Remarks. The species is characterized by its pale whitish-to-brown surface with large pores and its cylindrical basidiospores.
Specimens examined. VENEZUELA. BOLÍVAR STATE: Municipio Sifontes, Tumeremo, carretera Tumeremo-Bochinche. 17 Nov 1994, Ryvarden 35238 (HOLOTYPE, VEN; ISOTYPE, O).
Ceriporia cystidiata Ryvarden & Iturriaga sp. nov. Figs. 1–2
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Fructificatio resupinata, pori albidis, ex rotundo ad angulati, 6–8 per mm, tubi et contextibus albidis, cystidia praesentia, systema hyphale monomiticum, hyphae generatoriae hyalinae, efibulatae, basidiosporae allantoideae, 4–4.5 x 1 µm.
Basidiocarps annual, resupinate, brittle when dry, 1 mm thick, pore surface white to pale cream, pores thin-walled, round to angular, slightly irregular, 6–8 per mm, tube layer concolorous to pore surface, up to 1 mm deep. Subiculum very thin, cottony, white. Hyphal system monomitic; generative hyphae hyaline, thin- to slightly thick-walled, simple-septate, with sparse branching, negative in Melzer's reagent, 3–8 µm in diam. Basidia clavate, 4-sterigmate, 10–12 x 3.5–4.5 µm, simple-septate at the base. Basidiospores allantoid, hyaline, thin-walled, smooth, IKI-, 4–4.5 x 1 µm. Cystidia present in the hymenium, tubular, thin-walled, with a slight apical encrustation, up to 90 µm long, 5–12 µm wide.
Substrata. On dead hardwood.
Distribution. Known only from the type locality. Remarks. The species is separated from others in the genus by the large tubular and slightly encrusted cystidia. To our knowledge, it is the first species in the genus with cystidia. The basidiocarps are thin and easily overlooked.
Specimens examined. VENEZUELA. BOLÍVAR STATE: Municipio Sifontes, Tumeremo, carretera Tumeremo-Bochinche. 17 Nov 1994, Ryvarden 35169 (HOLOTYPE, VEN; ISOTYPE, O).
KEY TO NEOTROPICAL SPECIES OF CERIPORIA
1. Basidiocarps purplish to deep orange . . . . . 2
1. Basidiocarps white to ochraceous to pale brown . . . . . 3
2. Basidiocarp purplish, pores 3–4 per mm . . . . . C. purpurea
2. Basidiocarp deep orange to reddish-brown, pores 7–9 per mm . . . . . C. spissa
3. Cystidia present . . . . . C. cystidiata
3. Cystidia absent . . . . . 4
4. Basidiospores allantoid, 7–9 µm long . . . . . C. reticulata
4. Basidiospores shorter or different . . . . . 5
5. Basidiospores allantoid to cylindrical . . . . . 6
5. Basidiospores subcylindrical, ellipsoid to subglobose . . . . . 7
6. Basidiospores allantoid, 4–6 µm long, pores thin-walled, 3–5 per mm . . . . . C. viridans
6. Basidiospores cylindrical 4–4.5 µm long, pores thick-walled, 2–3 per mm . . . . . C. albobrunnea
7. Basidiospores subcylindrical to oblong ellipsoid, pores regular . . . . . 8
7. Basidiospores subglobose, pores white and often somewhat dentate or lacerated . . . . . C. xylostromatoides
8. Pore surface evenly brown when dry, often with whitish margin . . . . . C. ferruginicincta
8. Pore surface white to pale tan or buff . . . . . 9
9. Pores 6–8 per mm, basidiospores 3–3.5 x 1.5–2 µm . . . . . C. microspora
9. Pores 2–5 per mm, basidiospores 4–5 x 2–2.5 µm . . . . . C. alachuana
Diplomitoporus allantosporus Ryvarden & Iturriaga sp. nov. Fig. 3
Fructificatio resupinata, pori albidis vel cremicoloribus, angulati, 2–3 per mm, tubi et contextibus albidis, systema hyphale dimiticum, hyphae generatoriae hyalinae, fibulatae, hyphae skeletales hyalinae, basidiosporae allantoideae, 5–6 x 1.2–1.5 µm.
Basidiocarps annual, resupinate, adnate, up to 1 mm thick, margin narrow, white, pore surface pale ochraceous to cream-colored, pores thin-walled, angular, 2–3 per mm, tubes concolorous, up to 1 mm deep, context up to 150 µm, white and almost absent in places. Hyphal system dimitic; generative hyphae with large conspicuous clamps, wide, thin- to slightly thick-walled 3–5 µm wide, skeletal hyphae thick-walled to solid, 4–5 µm wide and negative in Melzer's reagent. Basidia clavate, 4-sterigmate, 10–12 x 3–5 µm. Basidiospores allantoid and in most cases with two small oil drops, hyaline, thin-walled, smooth, IKI-, 5–6 x 1.2–1.5 µm. Cystidia none.
Substrata. Dead hardwood. Distribution. Known only from Venezuela. Remarks. This species is distinct because of the wide generative hyphae with large clamps and the allantoid basidiospores with two small oil drops.
Specimens examined. VENEZUELA. BOLÍVAR STATE: Parque Nacional Canaima, Gran Sabana, carretera Parupa-Kavanayen. 20 Nov 1994, Ryvarden 35352 (HOLOTYPE, VEN; ISOTYPE, O).
Diplomitoporus stramineus Ryvarden & Iturriaga sp. nov. Fig. 8
Fructificatio resupinata, pori straminei, angulatis, 4–5 per mm, tubi et contextibus stramineis, systema hyphale dimiticum, hyphae generatoriae hyalinae, fibulatae, hyphae skeletales hyalinae, basidiosporae ellipsoideae, 4.5–5 x 2.7–3 µm.
Basidiocarps annual, resupinate, adnate, up to 1 mm thick, margin narrow, white, pore surface straw-colored, pores thin-walled, angular 4–5 per mm, tubes concolorous, up to 0.7 mm deep, context almost absent, up to 100 µm thick, straw-colored. Hyphal system dimitic; generative hyphae with clamps, narrow, thin-walled 2–3 µm wide, skeletal hyphae dominating 4–5 µm wide, thick-walled and non-amyloid. Basidia clavate, 4-sterigmate, 11–13 x 3–4 µm. Basidiospores ellipsoid, hyaline, thin-walled, smooth, IKI-, 4.5–5 x 2.7–3 µm. Cystidia none.
Substrata. Dead hardwood. Distribution. Known only from Venezuela. Remarks. This species is distinct by its evenly straw-colored basidiocarps and the wide ellipsoid basidiospores.
Specimens examined. VENEZUELA. ARAGUA STATE: Maracay, Parque Nacional Henry Pittier, Estación Biológica Rancho Grande. 24 Nov 1994, Ryvarden 35491 (HOLOTYPE, VEN; ISOTYPE, O).
Diplomitoporus venezuelicus Ryvarden & Iturriaga sp. nov. Fig. 9
Fructificatio resupinata, pori albidis vel cremicoloribus, rotundis, 6–8 per mm, tubi et contextibus albidis, systema hyphale dimiticum, hyphae generatoriae hyalinae, fibulatae, hyphae skeletales hyalinae, basidiosporae cylindricae, 4–4.5 x 1.2–1.5 µm.
Basidiocarps annual, resupinate, adnate, up to 1 mm thick, margin narrow, white, pore surface first white, soon straw-colored, pores thin-walled, round to angular 6–8 per mm, tubes concolorous, up to 0.5 mm deep, context almost absent, white. Hyphal system dimitic; generative hyphae with clamps, narrow, thin-walled 2–3 µm wide, skeletal hyphae dominating 2–3 µm wide, thick-walled and non-amyloid. Basidia clavate, 4-sterigmate, 8–10 x 3–4 µm. Basidiospores cylindrical, hyaline, thin-walled, IKI-, 4–4.5 x 1.2–1.5 µm. Cystidia none.
Substrata. Dead hardwood. Distribution. Known only from Venezuela. Remarks. This species is similar to D. costaricensis Lindblad & Ryvarden, which however has wider ellipsoid basidiospores.
Specimens examined. VENEZUELA. BOLÍVAR STATE: Municipio Sifontes, Tumeremo, carretera Tumeremo-Bochinche. 17 Nov 1994, Ryvarden 35205 (HOLOTYPE, VEN; ISOTYPE, O); MIRANDA STATE, Universidad Simón Bolívar. 10 Jun 1995, Ryvarden 37493 (PARATYPE VEN, O).
KEY TO NEOTROPICAL SPECIES OF DIPLOMITOPORUS The shape of the basidiospores for some neotropical species is shown in Figs. 3–9.
1. Dendrohyphidia present in hymenium and along the dissepiments . . . . . D. hondurensis
1. Dendrohyphidia absent . . . . . 2
2. Basidiospores ellipsoid . . . . . 3
2. Basidiospores allantoid to cylindrical . . . . . 5
3. Basidiospores 5.5–7 µm long, 2–3 pores per mm . . . . . D. overholtsii
3. Basidiospores and pores smaller . . . . . 4
4. Pore surface white to cream, pores 6–8 per mm, basidiospores 2 µm wide . . . . . D. costaricensis
4. Pore surface straw-colored, pores 4–5 per mm, basidiospores 2.7–3 µm wide . . . . . D. stramineus
5. Basidiospores 4–6 x 1.2–1.5 µm . . . . . 6
5. Basidiospores larger . . . . . 7
6. Pores angular, 2–3 per mm, basidiospores with two small oil drops . . . . . D. allantosporus
6. Pores round, 6–8 per mm, basidiospores without oil drops . . . . . D. venezuelicus
7. Pores 2–3 per mm, basidiospores 5.5–7 µm long, skeletal hyphae unchanged in KOH . . . . . D. incisus
7. Pores 4–6 per mm, basidiospores 4.5–5.5 µm long, skeletal hyphae dissolving in KOH . . . . . D. dilutabilis
Flabellophora fasciculata Ryvarden & Iturriaga sp. nov.
Fructificatio pileatae, stipitatae, pileus porphyreus, pori angulati, 6–7 per mm, systema hypharum monomiticum, hyphae generatoriae fibulatae, basidiosporae subglobosae, 3.5–4.5 x 3–3.5 µm.
Basidiocarps annual, in a large cluster consisting of smaller or larger laterally stipitate spatulate pilei, the whole cluster about 14 cm in diam, individual pilei up 7 cm wide along the margin, 4 mm thick at the base, tough when fresh, dense and strongly curled when dry, upper surface covered with a short hispid ochraceous tomentum from the base, becoming thinner toward the margin, and outer half of pileus glabrous, strongly zonate and reddish brown, pore surface white when fresh, cream when dry, pores round, tiny and invisible to the naked eye, 8–10 per mm, tubes dense, decurrent on stipe, up to 2 mm deep, context pale cream, up to 1 mm thick and with several dense, dark resinous lines from the base toward the margin. Stipe lateral, up to 10 cm long and 8 mm in diam and covered with the same short hispid hairs as on the basal part of the pileus, ochraceous, in the lower part covered with soil and debris, in section duplex, outer part ochraceous, inner part 2–3 mm in diam, dark reddish brown and extremely dense and hard. Hyphal system monomitic; generative hyphae with clamps, in the subhymenium, 2–4 µm and thin-walled, in the trama and the context wider and slightly thick-walled and with scattered large clamps, up to 8 µm wide, the hispid tomentum of almost solid hyphae with some scattered clamps, negative in Melzer's reagent. Basidia clavate, 4-sterigmate, 12–15 x 3–4 µm. Basidiospores subglobose, hyaline, thin-walled, smooth, IKI-, 3.5–4.5 x 3–3.5 µm. Cystidia and other sterile hymenial elements absent.
Substrata. From buried roots in a virgin forest. Distribution. Known only from the type locality. Remarks. This is a conspicuous species characterized by large clustered basidiocarps arising from buried roots, reddish brown pileus with a basal tomentum, very tiny pores, resinous lines in the context, and the dense central core of the stipe.
The hyphal system is complex; there are long, thick-walled hyphal compartments in the context and tomentum. We interpret the system as monomitic with sclerified generative hyphae, but the long thick-walled compartments also might be interpreted as intercalary skeletal hyphae.
Flabellophora is by its flabelliform basidiocarps reminiscent of Microporellus which however is characterized by dextrinoid skeletal hyphae, slightly thick-walled spores and ventricose cystidia.
Specimens examined. VENEZUELA. BOLÍVAR STATE: Parque Nacional Canaima, Gran Sabana, forest 1 km East of Estación Aponwao. 24 Feb 2000, Iturriaga 7249/Ryvarden 42353 (HOLOTYPE, VEN; ISOTYPE, O).
KEY TO NEOTROPICAL SPECIES OF FLABELLOPHORA
1. Pileus with hispid ochraceous tomentum spreading from the base and with a reddish brown smooth and glabrous wide margin . . . . . F. fasciculata
1. Pileus glabrous or with fine adpressed tomentum, white, ochraceous sometimes with darker zones . . . . . 2
2. Basidiocarps large, up to 15 cm in diam, pilei numerous, basidiospores up to 3 µm long . . . . . F. ochracea
2. Basidiocarps smaller, rarely above 6 cm wide, pilei either single or superimposed, basidiospores longer than 3 µm . . . . . 3
3. Pilei imbriate, basidiospores 3–4 x 2–3 µm . . . . . F. parva
3. Pilei single, basidiospores 4–5 x 3–4 µm . . . . . F. obovata
Navisporus perennis Ryvarden & Iturriaga sp. nov. Figs. 10–12
Fructificatio pileata, pileus glaber, umbrinus, pori 7–8 per mm, systema hypharum dimiticum, hyphae generatoriae fibulatae, hyphae skeletales crassitunicatae, dextrinoideae, basidiosporae cylindrico ad naviculares, 7–8 x 2.5–3.5 µm.
Basidiocarps perennial, dense and hard, broadly attached; pileus semicircular, up to 5 cm wide, 10 cm long and 3 cm thick at the base. Upper surface glabrous, smooth to slightly tuberculate, dark brown from the base and almost to the margin where the last zone is light-colored, basal dark parts with a thin dark cuticle in section, pore surface deep ochraceous to pale brown, pores tiny, invisible to the naked eye, 7–8 per mm, tubes concolorous, stratified, up to 3 mm in each layer, totally up to 2 cm deep, context pale brown above the tubes, increasingly darker brown toward the base and the pileus, up to 1 cm thick. Hyphal system dimitic; generative hyphae with clamps, 2–4 µm wide, skeletal hyphae thick-walled, 2–6 µm wide, straight to slightly sinuous, strongly dextrinoid. Basidia clavate, 4-sterigmate, 12–15 x 5–6 µm with a basal clamp. Basidiospores oblong fusoid or navicular, smooth, IKI-, 7–8 x 2.5–3.5 µm. Cystidia and other sterile elements absent.
Substrata. On hardwood log. Distribution. Known only from the type locality. Remarks. This is a distinct species in the genus because of its dense, perennial, glabrous and dark brown basidiocarps and the small, distinctly fusiform basidiospores.
Specimens examined. VENEZUELA. BOLÍVAR STATE: Las Nieves. 12 Jun 1995, Ryvarden 37889B (HOLOTYPE, VEN; ISOTYPE, O).
KEY TO NEOTROPICAL SPECIES OF NAVISPORUS The shape of the basidiospores for the neotropical species is shown in Figs. 12–14.
1. Pore surface, tubes and context ochraceous to cinnamon, context duplex with a black zone, pores 2–3 per mm, basidiospores 5–6 µm wide . . . . . N. sulcatus
1. Pore surface, tubes and context pale brown to isabelline, context homogenous, pores 7–8 per mm, basidiospores 2–5 µm wide . . . . . 2
2. Basidiospores 12–15 µm long, context up to 8 cm thick, punky and isabelline . . . . . N. floccosus
2. Basidiospores 7–8 µm long, context up to 1 cm thick, dense, pale brown . . . . . N. perennis
Nigroporus macroporus Ryvarden & Iturriaga sp. nov. Figs. 15–17
Fructificatio pileata, pileus niger, glaber, zonatus, pori 1–2 per mm, systema hypharum dimiticum, hyphae generatoriae fibulatae, hyphae skeletales crassitunicatae, brunneae, basidiosporae cylindricae 5–6 x 1.5–2 µm.
Basidiocarps annual to perennial, pileate, broadly attached to dimidiate, in some specimens with a slightly decurrent pore surface, semicircular to elongated along the substratum, up to 5 cm wide, 2–10 cm long in reflexed specimens, up to 1 cm thick, rigid and woody when dry, coriaceous when fresh; upper surface glabrous dark brown to black and with distinct narrow sulcate zones, margin sharp; pore surface dark brown, pores 1–2 per mm on horizontal parts of the pore surface, on decurrent parts elongated, sinuous and up to 3 mm long, tubes concolorous, up to 7 mm deep; context umber to dark brown, up to 5 mm thick at the base and with a thin cuticle or a black zone where pilei have fused basally. Hyphal system dimitic; generative hyphae with clamps, 1.5–3 µm in diam; skeletal hyphae thick-walled to solid, pale brown, 3–6 µm wide, straight to slightly sinuous. Basidia not seen. Basidiospores cylindrical, hyaline, thin-walled, smooth, IKI-, 5–6 x 1.7–2 µm (not seen attached to basidia). Cystidia present as short skeletal hyphae projecting into the hymenium making up a dense catahymenium, 2–6 µm in diam.
Substrata. On hardwood log of Dimorphandra macrostachya. Distribution. Known only from the type locality. Remarks. The species is similar in many respects to N. rigidus Ryvarden, which however has almost invisible pores (i.e., 7–9 per mm).
Specimens examined. VENEZUELA. BOLÍVAR STATE: Parque Nacional Canaima, Gran Sabana, forest 1 km East of Estación Aponwao. 24 Feb 2000, Iturriaga 7259/Ryvarden 42363 (HOLOTYPE, VEN; ISOTYPE, O); Parque Nacional Canaima, Río Caroní. 1 Dec 1972, Bresinsky (O). AMAZONAS STATE: Departamento Río Negro, Río Mawarinuma, Canón Grande, Neblina Base Camp. Feb 1984, Buck 11469 (NY), (O).
KEY TO NEOTROPICAL SPECIES OF NIGROPORUS
1. Pores 1–2 per mm . . . . . N. macroporus
1. Pores 7–9 per mm . . . . . 2
2. Basidiocarps violet-blackish, usually less than 5 mm thick and flexible, basidiospores 1–1.5 µm wide . . . . . N. vinosus
2. Basidiocarps umber to deep brown, usually more than 5 mm thick and dense and hard, basidiospores 2 µm wide . . . . . N. rigidus
Polyporus albostipes Ryvarden & Iturriaga sp. nov. Figs. 18–19
Fructificatio pileatae, stipitatae, pileus albidus, glaber, pori angulati, 6–7 per mm, systema hypharum dimiticum, hyphae generatoriae fibulatae, basidiosporae cylindriceae 6–7 x 2—2.2 µm.
Basidiocarp annual, growing in a cluster, laterally stipitate, pileus round to slightly spatulate, up to 6 cm wide and long, 2–4 mm thick, soft when fresh, flexible when dry, upper surface white, drying very pale ochraceous, smooth, glabrous, dull, azonate, margin sharp and wavy, pore surface white drying ochraceous, pores round, 6–7 per mm, tubes up to 2 mm deep and white to pale cream, context white and dense, up to 2 mm thick at the base. Stipe white, round, glabrous and smooth, up to 3 cm long and 4 mm in diam, dense and homogenous. Hyphal system dimitic; generative hyphae with clamps, thin-walled, 2–4 µm wide, binding hyphae of the Bovista type, dichotomously branched, 4–7 µm wide, tapering to thin whip-like ends, thick-walled to solid toward the apices. Basidia clavate, 4-sterigmate, 15–17 x 4–5 µm. Basidiospores cylindrical, hyaline, thin-walled, smooth, IKI-, 6–7 x 2–2.2 µm. Cystidia or other sterile hymenial elements absent.
Substrata. On fallen hardwood log. Distribution. Only known from the type locality. Remarks. This is a conspicuous species characterized by the clustered, laterally stipitate whitish basidiocarps, where the stipe even in dry condition is white, contrasting with the distinct ochraceous pore surface. The closest relative seems to be P. grammocephalus Berk., which however has radial veins or lines on a darker pileus and wider basidiospores (2.5–3 µm wide).
Specimens examined. VENEZUELA. AMAZONAS STATE, Yutajé. 12 Jun 1997, Ryvarden 40374 (HOLOTYPE, VEN; ISOTYPE, O).
KEY TO NEOTROPICAL SPECIES OF POLYPORUS S. STR. SUBGENUS FAVOLUS
1. Pileus dark chestnut to bay or deep vinaceous . . . . . P. subpurpurascens
1. Pileus white to deep tan or leather-colored . . . . . 2
2. Pileus white when fresh, darker when dry, tessellate to smooth . . . . . 3
2. Pileus orange to brown, radially striate or with small hydnoid processes or squamules at least at the base . . . . . 4
3. Pores 1–3 per mm, basidiospores 9–12 µm long . . . . . P. tenuiculus
3. Pores 6–7 per mm, basidiospores 6–7 µm long . . . . . P. albostipes
4. Pores 2–5 per mm . . . . . P. grammocephalus
4. Pores 1–2 per mm or larger . . . . . 5
5. Pores 1–2 per mm, angular, pileus cream to tan, smooth, but often with radial lines . . . . . P. philippinensis
5. Pores elongated 2–4 x 0.5–0.7 mm, pileus whitish with hydnoid protuberances . . . . . P. biskeletalis
Rigidoporus aurantiacus Ryvarden & Iturriaga sp. nov.
Fructificatio sessilis, pileus pallide brunneus, pori aurantiaci, rotundi 6–9 per mm, systema hyphale monomiticum, hyphae generatoriae hyalinae, efibulatae, basidiosporae globosae, 3–4(–4.5) µm in diametro.
Basidiocarps annual, more seldom perennial, pileate, sessile or broadly attached, often imbricate and growing in large clusters, consistency hard when dry; pileus dimidiate to flabelliform, up to 22 cm long and 10 cm wide, up to 3 cm thick in individual pilei, upper surface first orange-reddish -brown and dull, then smoother, turning glabrous and fading to pale reddish brown, concentrically zonate-sulcate, pore surface deep orange, fading to ochraceous, pores round to angular, 6–9 per mm, dissepiments very thin; tubes single-layered but sometimes stratified and up to 1 cm long, tubes reddish-brown near the pore mouth at least; context white, cream to wood-colored, in some specimens with a distinct horizontal dark line or zone slightly above the bottom of the tubes, radially fibrous, up to 2 cm thick. Hyphal system pseudodimitic; generative hyphae with simple septa, thin- to slightly thick-walled, 3–5 µm wide, thick-walled hyphae also present, especially in the context where septa are difficult to observe and which are reminiscent of ordinary skeletal hyphae, up to 8 µm wide. Basidia clavate, 4-sterigmate, 12–15 x 7–10 µm with a simple septum at the base. Basidiospores globose, hyaline, thin-walled, IKI-, 3–4(–4.5) µm in diam. Cystidia none.
Substrata. Logs and stumps of hardwoods. Distribution. Tropical America. Remarks. It is with a certain doubt we describe this species since it is identical microscopically to the widespread and very common R. microporus (Fr.) Overeem. However, the bright orange pore surface and the often large basidiocarps make it easy to identify in the field. The dark resinous line in the context seen in the type, and a few other specimens, has not been seen in R. microporus. This species has usually rather small basidiocarps and a distinct reddish pore surface when fresh.
Specimens examined. VENEZUELA. AMAZONAS STATE: Yutajé. 12 Jun 1997, Ryvarden 40531 (HOLOTYPE, VEN; ISOTYPE, O); ARAGUA STATE: Parque Nacional Henry Pittier, Estación Biológica Rancho Grande. 21 Feb 2000, Ryvarden 42264 (VEN; O). JAMAICA. Trelawny Parish, Windsor Cave. 12 Jun 1999, Ryvarden 41678 (O; IJ).
KEY TO NEOTROPICAL SPECIES OF RIGIDOPORUS
1. Basidiocarps pileate . . . . . 2
1. Basidiocarps resupinate . . . . . 9
2. Basidiocarps up to 6 cm thick, basidiospores 7–10 x 6.5–10 µm . . . . . R. ulmarius
2. Basidiocarp rarely above 1 cm thick, basidiospores less than 7 µm long . . . . . 3
3. Thick-walled cystidia present . . . . . 4
3. Thick-walled cystidia absent . . . . . 5
4. Basidiocarps laterally stipitate . . . . . R. biokoensis
4. Basidiocarps sessile to dimidiate . . . . . R. lineatus
5. Basidiocarps pendent, first as individual basidiocarps up to 15 mm wide, later fused to a larger basidiocarp, upper surface grayish to pale brown . . . . . R. concrescens
5. Basidiocarps laterally stipitate to sessile or dimidiate, upper surface ochraceous to reddish orange when fresh . . . . . 6
6. Pore surface bright to deep orange without a reddish tint, basidiocarps often large and 0.5–2 cm thick at the base, growing in clusters . . . . . R. aurantiacus
6. Pore surface distinctly reddish, sometimes with an orange tint, basidiocarps small to medium, rarely above 1 cm thick . . . . . 7
7. Basidiocarps sessile to dimidiate, upper and pore surface reddish orange when fresh . . . . . R. microporus
7. Basidiocarps laterally stipitate, upper and pore surface ochraceous to white when fresh . . . . . 8
8. Pileus ochraceous, finely tomentose and context with a dark line under the tomentum . . . . . R. amazonicus
8. Pileus first white becoming brown to gray with age or drying, glabrous and with no black line present in the context . . . . . R. minutus
9. Thick-walled, often strongly encrusted cystidia present, basidiocarps often pink when fresh becoming almost black when dry, common species . . . . . R. vinctus
9. Thick-walled cystidia absent, pore surface isabelline to ochraceous, more or less unchanged when dry, rare species . . . . . R. crocatus
Skeletocutis microcarpa Ryvarden & Iturriaga sp. nov. Figs. 20–21
Fructificatio pileata, pori angulati, 9–10 per mm, systema hypharum dimiticum, hyphae generatoriae fibulatae, hyphae skeletales crassitunicatae, basidiosporae ellipsoideae, 3–3.3 x 2 µm.
Basidiocarps annual, pileate, pendent to sessile and broadly attached, triquetrous in section, semicircular, up to 8 mm wide and long and 4 mm thick at the base, upper surface pale whitish brown, dull, glabrous and strongly zonate in very tiny slightly sulcate zones, pore surface white becoming grayish in old and dead specimens, margin wide and white, pores circular and tiny, invisible to the naked eye, 9–10 per mm, tubes white up to 4 mm deep, context white, up to 500 µm thick. Hyphal system dimitic; skeletal hyphae thick-walled, hyaline, nonseptate, rarely branched, 2–4 µm in diam, generative hyphae thin-walled, hyaline, with clamps, 2–3 µm wide and strongly encrusted along the dissepiments. Basidia clavate, 4-sterigmate, 9–7 x 3–4 µm with a basal clamp. Basidiospores ellipsoid, hyaline, smooth, thin-walled,IKI-, 3–3.3 x 2 µm. Cystidia none.
Substrata. On the bark of a living tree. Distribution. Known only from the type locality. Remarks. This is a tiny distinctive polypore with a pendent to triquetrous basidiocarp. The tiny brown basidiocarps are easily overlooked on a grayish to brown trunk. It is also surprising to see it growing on a living tree, probably by degrading dead bark.
Specimen examined. VENEZUELA. AMAZONAS STATE, Yutajé. 12 Jan 1997, Iturriaga 2782 (HOLOTYPE, VEN; ISOTYPE, O).
KEY TO NEOTROPICAL SPECIES OF SKELETOCUTIS
1. Basidiocarps resupinate . . . . . 2
1. Basidiocarps pileate . . . . . 6
2. Pore surface yellowish to pale chrome, often becoming reddish when touched in fresh condition . . . . . S. carneola
2. Pore surface white to pale citric, no change when touched in fresh condition . . . . . 3
3. Basidiospores ellipsoid 2.5–3 x 1.5–2 µm . . . . . S. niveicolor
3. Basidiospores cylindrical to lunate (strongly bent) 1–1.5 µm wide . . . . . 4
4. Basidiospores lunate, scattered hyphae with an apical cap of crystals . . . . . S. lenis
4. Basidiospores cylindrical to slightly allantoid, no hyphae with encrusted cap . . . . . 5
5. Margin with rhizomorphs, pore surface whitish, basidiospores 3.5–5 µm long . . . . . S. alutacea
5. Margin without rhizomorphs, pore surface pale citric yellow, basidiospores up to 3.5 µm long . . . . . S. citrea
6. Basidiospores ellipsoid, basidiocarps tiny, up to 8 mm wide . . . . . S. microcarpa
6. Basidiospores allantoid, basidiocarps usually much larger than 8 mm in their longest dimension . . . . . 7
7. Context duplex, upper surface ochraceous to chestnut, pore surface pale brown . . . . . S. roseola
7. Context homogenous, upper surface whitish to discolored brown in patches, pores surface whitish . . . . . S. nivea
Tinctoporellus isabellinus Ryvarden & Iturriaga sp. nov. Figs. 22–24
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Fructificatio resupinata, pori angulati, 6–9 per mm, systema hypharum dimiticum, hyphae generatoriae fibulatae, hyphae skeletales crassitunicatae, cystidia praesentia, laevia, basidiosporae cylindricae 3–3.5 x 1 µm.
Basidiocarps resupinate, adnate and widely effused, woody hard, up to 2 mm thick, distinctly delimited toward the wood which is slightly colored in red zones; pore surface deep isabelline to pale reddish violet, pores angular and thin-walled, in most parts 6–9 per mm, almost invisible to the naked eye, on sloping parts the pores are split in front and more irregular; margin lacking or very narrow, tubes up to 1 mm thick, context almost invisible, isabelline, up to 50 µm thick. Hyphal system dimitic; generative hyphae thin-walled, 1.5–2.5 µm in diam, with clamps, often difficult to find; skeletal hyphae 2–5 µm in diam, hyaline to golden yellow, weakly dextrinoid, nonseptate, solid to semisolid. Basidia clavate, 4-sterigmate, 8–10 x 3–4 µm. Basidiospores cylindrical, hyaline, thin-walled, smooth, IKI-, 3–3.5 x 1 µm. Cystidia present along the dissepiments, tubular, smooth, thin- to slightly thick-walled, up to 40 µm long and 4–7 µm wide.
Substrata. On fallen hardwood log. Distribution. Known only from the type locality, but probably widespread in the Amazonian basin. Remarks. This new species undoubtedly is related to the common and widespread T. epimiltinus (Berk. & Br.) Ryvarden that has ellipsoid basidiospores and lacks cystidia along the dissepiments. The red coloration in the wood beneath the basidiocarp is rather vague and not so prominent as usually seen in T. epimiltinus.
Specimens examined. VENEZUELA. AMAZONAS STATE: Yutajé. 12 Jun 1997, Ryvarden 40465 (HOLOTYPE, VEN; ISOTYPE, O).
KEY TO NEOTROPICAL SPECIES OF TINCTOPORELLUS
1. Basidiospores ellipsoid, 4.5–5.5 x 2.5–3 µm, cystidia absent . . . . . T. epimiltinus
1. Basidiospores cylindrical 3–3.5 x 1 µm, cystidia present in dissepiments . . . . . T. isabellinus
Trametes olivaceopora Ryvarden & Iturriaga sp. nov.
Fructificatio sessilis, pileus ex ochraceus ad pallide brunneus, pori 5–7 per mm, tubi olivacei contextibus ochraceus, systema hyphale trimiticum, hyphae generatoriae hyalinae, fibulatae, basidiosporae cylindricae 6–7 x 2–2.5 µm.
Basidiocarps annual, pileate, applanate to slightly concave or bent downward, single, semicircular, up to 3 cm wide and 5 cm long, up to 2.5 cm thick at the base, tough when fresh, dense and hard when dry, upper surface glabrous, dull, narrowly concentrically zonate, deep ochraceous to pale brown, pore surface deep olivaceous brown, pores round, thick-walled, 5–7 per mm, tubes concolorous with the pore surface, nonstratified and up to 4 mm deep, context ochraceous to deep cream, up to 2 cm thick. Hyphal system trimitic; generative hyphae thin-walled, hyaline, with clamps, 2–4 µm wide; skeletal hyphae straight, pale pink to yellow, thick-walled, but usually with a distinct lumen, 2–6 µm in diam, binding hyphae tortuous, solid, 2–4 µm wide. Basidia clavate, 4-sterigmate, 15–18 x 5–7 µm, with a basal clamp. Basidiospores cylindrical, thin-walled, smooth, hyaline, IKI-, 6–7 x 2–2.5 µm. Cystidia absent.
Substrata. Hardwood logs. Distribution. Known only from the type locality. Remarks. This is a perplexing species because of the dark pore surface and tubes. In this respect it is slightly reminiscent of Fomitella supina (Sw. : Fr.) Murrill, but this species has larger basidiospores (7–9 x 3–3.5 µm) and develops a crust from the base of the pileus rather soon in its development.
Specimens examined.—VENEZUELA. AMAZONAS STATE: Puerto Ayacucho, Reserva Forestal Río Cataniapo, San María, 20 km East of Puerto Ayacucho. 17 Apr 1999, Ryvarden 41496 (HOLOTYPE, VEN; ISOTYPE, O).
Trametes supermodesta Ryvarden & Iturriaga sp. nov. Fig. 25
Fructificatio sessilis, pileus et porus ochraceus, pori angulatis, 3–4 per mm, tubi et contextibus isabellinae, systema hyphale trimiticum, hyphae generatoriae hyalinae, fibulatae, basidiosporae cylindricae 8–9 x 2.8–3.5 µm.
Basidiocarps annual, pileate, applanate to slightly concave or bent downward, single semicircular to flabelliform with a contracted base, occasionally broadly attached, up to 3 cm wide and 5 cm long, very rarely above 3–4 mm thick, flexible, upper surface glabrous, dull, narrowly concentrically zonate, deep ochraceous, pore surface pale pinkish-beige, buff to pale grayish-pink, pores angular to irregular, 3–4 per mm, in parts larger, tubes more or less concolorous with the pore surface, tan to pale brown, nonstratified and up to 2 mm deep; context whitish to pink, beige or pale cocoa, becoming pale cinnamon-pink or very pale tan with age, fibrous, up to 2 mm thick, red in KOH, fading after 2–5 seconds, but persistent as a pale cherry red spot when dry. Hyphal system trimitic; generative hyphae thin-walled, hyaline, with clamps, 2–4 µm wide; skeletal hyphae straight, pale pink to yellow, thick-walled, but usually with a distinct lumen, 2–5 µm in diam, binding hyphae scarce in the context, sparingly branched, more common and more densely branched in the dissepiments, thick-walled to solid, 2–3 µm wide. Basidia clavate, 4-sterigmate, 10–15 x 3–5 µm, with a basal clamp. Basidiospores cylindrical, thin-walled, smooth, hyaline, IKI-, 8–9 x 2.8–3.5 µm. Cystidia absent.
Substrata. Hardwood logs. Distribution. Venezuela. Remarks. In color this species is identical to T. modesta but easily separated from this species by its large pores and long basidiospores.
Specimens examined. VENEZUELA. BOLÍVAR STATE: Las Nieves. 12 Jun 1995, Ryvarden 37779 (HOLOTYPE, VEN; ISOTYPE, O); AMAZONAS STATE: Yutajé. 12 Jun 1997, Ryvarden 40473 (PARATYPE, O; VEN).
For a key to neotropical species of Trametes, see Ryvarden (2000).
Trichaptum griseofuscens (Mont.) Ryvarden & Iturriaga comb. nov. Figs. 26–28
Basidiocarps annual, resupinate to effused-reflexed, up to 4 cm long, 2 cm wide and 5 mm thick, flexible and tough. Pileus semicircular to elongated, pale brown to clay brown, dull, adpressed velutinate, faintly zonate, margin acute; lower side hydnoid when young with shallow angular pores along the margin where the walls soon split to round or flattened teeth, up to 4 mm long and 1 mm wide, concolorous with the pileus, context 0·5 mm thick, duplex, with a denser lower part and a looser upper part constituting the adpressed tomentum. Hyphal system dimitic; generative hyphae thin-walled, with clamps, occasionally branched, 2.5–4 µm in diam; skeletal hyphae thick-walled, 3–5 µm in diam; yellow to pale brown. Basidia clavate, 4-sterigmate, 12–16 x 4–5 µm, with a basal clamp. Basidiospores cylindric, slightly curved, hyaline, smooth, thin-walled, IKI-, 6–7 x 1.5–2 µm. Cystidia abundant in the hymenium, slightly thick-walled, fusoid, apically encrusted or smooth, 12–16 x 4–6 µm and with a basal clamp; also present in the context and then wider and more rounded.
Substrata. Hardwood log. Distribution. Known from the northeastern part of South America. Remarks. The species is unique in the genus with its coarsely hydnoid hymenophore and the finely velutinate adpressed clay- to brown-colored pileus. It should be easy to recognize in the field.
Specimens examined. FRENCH GUIANA. Cayenne. No substrate nor date are given, Leprieur, no collector's number given (HOLOTYPE, PC). GUYANA. Esequibo River, Moraballi Creek, no substrate given. 19 Dec 1929, Richards 611 (K). VENEZUELA. BOLÍVAR STATE: Municipio Sifontes, Tumeremo, carretera Tumeremo-Bochinche. 17 Nov 1994, Ryvarden 35142 (VEN, O).
Trichaptum variabilis Ryvarden & Iturriaga sp. nov. Figs. 29–31
Fructificatio resupinata ad pileatum, pileus umbrinum, pori angulati, 1–2 per mm, systema hypharum dimiticum, hyphae generatoriae fibulatae, hyphae skeletales crassitunicatae, subrunneae, cystidia praesentia, 12–20 longa, incrustata, basidiosporae ellipsoideae 4.5–6 x 2.2–2.5 µm.
Basidiocarps perennial, resupinate, effused reflexed to sessile, pileus up to 10 cm long, 4 cm wide and 2 cm thick at the base, woody hard, pileus semicircular to elongated, deep ochraceous to brown, dull and glabrous, smooth to slightly tuberculate, concentrically zonate, margin acute; pore surface evenly brown, pores angular to irregular and daedaleoid, in older parts of the basidiocarps, partly split into irregular clusters of dentate to lacerate pores, 1–2 per mm in regular parts, radially elongated or daedaleoid to 5 mm long with wavy pore walls in older parts, tubes concolorous with pore surface and up to 1 cm thick, context up to 1 cm thick at the base, dense, homogenous and deep olivaceous brown. Hyphal system dimitic; generative hyphae thin-walled, with clamps, occasionally branched, 2.5–4 µm in diam; skeletal hyphae thick-walled, 3–5 µm in diam, yellow to pale brown. Basidia clavate, 4-sterigmate, 12–16 x 4–5 µm, with a basal clamp. Basidiospores ellipsoid, hyaline, smooth, thin-walled, IKI-, 4.5–6 x 2.2–2.5 µm. Cystidia abundant in the hymenium thick-walled, fusoid to rounded and with an apical crown of small crystals, 12–16 x 4–6 µm and with a basal clamp.
Substrata. Hardwood log. Distribution. Known only from Venezuela. Remarks. The species is reminiscent of T. fumoso-avellanum (Romell) Rajchenb., which however has minute pores and generally is more clay-brown.
Specimens examined. VENEZUELA. BOLÍVAR STATE: Municipio Sifontes, Tumeremo, carretera Tumeremo-Bochinche. 17 Nov 1994, Ryvarden 35177 (HOLOTYPE, VEN; ISOTYPE, O); Las Nieves. 12 Jun 1995, Ryvarden 37787 (PARATYPE, VEN, O).
KEY TO NEOTROPICAL SPECIES OF TRICHAPTUM
1. Upper surface glabrous to adpressed tomentose mixed with glabrous zones . . . . . 2
1. Upper surface strongly strigose to hispid . . . . . 8
2. Pores large, 5–8 per cm, whole basidiocarp dense and deep purplish to almost black . . . . . T. sprucei
2. Pores smaller, basidiocarps grayish, clay-colored to pale brown . . . . . 3
3. Hymenophore distinctly hydnoid . . . . . T. hydnoidea
3. Hymenophore poroid . . . . . 4
4. Basidiocarps rarely above 3 mm thick, flexible, petaloid to fanshaped or effused reflexed often in clusters, pileus velutinate to hirsute . . . . . 5
4. Basidiocarps usually 1 to 10 cm thick, dense and hard and usually single, pileus glabrous . . . . . 6
5. Pore surface gray to black, pores entire, upper surface often gray to whitish . . . . . T. sector
5. Pore surface pale violet when fresh fading to beige or pale brown, pores often lacerate with tendencies to becoming irpicoid, upper surface gray to deep beige, often in dense zones . . . . . T. biforme
6. Pores irregular at least in parts, 1–2 per mm or longer, pore surface splits by age, basidiocarp brown . . . . . T. variabilis
6. Pores regular and round, pore surface even, basidiocarps grayish to clay-colored . . . . . 7
7. Pores 8–10 per mm, hardly visible to the naked eye, basidiocarps often bluish gray, up to 2 cm thick and generally small . . . . . T. durum
7. Pores 3–4 per mm, basidiocarps grayish to clay-colored or brown, up to 14 cm thick in massive specimens . . . . . T. fumoso-avellanum
8. Pileus with a dense mat of dark brown to black strigose to hispid hairs; basidiocarps sessile . . . . . T. perrottetii
8. Pileus with gray to pale brown hairs; basidiocarps resupinate, effused-reflexed or sessile . . . . . 9
9. Pores 1–2 per mm, basidiospores cylindrical 5.5–8 x 2–2.5 µm . . . . . T. byssogenum
9. Pores 2–4 per mm, basidiospores ellipsoid, 4.5–6 x 2.5–3 µm . . . . . T. strigosum
Tyromyces neostrigosus Ryvarden & Iturriaga sp. nov.
Fructificatio pileatae, pileus umbrinus, strigosus, pori angulati, 5–7 per mm, systema hypharum monomiticum, hyphae generatoriae fibulatae, basidiosporae allantoideae, 3.5–4 x 1–1.3 µm.
Basidiocarps annual, pileate, sessile, almost triangular in section, up to 3 cm wide and long and 1 cm thick at the base, soft and sappy when fresh, dense when dry, upper surface white to gray when fresh, drying dark brown, strongly strigose with stiff hairs in radial lines, azonate, surface white becoming discolored to pale brown when bruised or dried, pore surface first whitish, drying pale olivaceous brown, pores angular to slightly irregular, 5–7 per mm, tubes up to 5 mm deep, drying fragile and concolorous with the pore surface, context white and dense, up to 6 mm thick at the base. Hyphal system monomitic; generative hyphae with large and conspicuous clamps, thin- to slightly thick-walled, 3–8 µm wide. Basidia clavate, 4-sterigmate, 12–14 x 5–7 µm. Basidiospores allantoid, hyaline, thin-walled, smooth, IKI-, 3.5–4 x 1–1.3 µm. Cystidia or other sterile hymenial elements absent.
Substrata. On fallen hardwood log. Distribution. Known only from the type locality. Remarks. This is a conspicuous species characterized by its strongly dark brown strigose hairs in stiff bundles oriented in a radial fashion, erect at the base, more flattened toward the margin. The tubes dry olivaceous brown and are fragile, strongly contrasting with the white and dense context. It superficially is reminiscent of T. atrostrigosus (Cooke) Cunningh. originally described from Australia, but this species has much larger ellipsoid basidiospores.
Specimens examined. VENEZUELA. BOLÍVAR STATE: Municipio Sifontes, Tumeremo, carretera Tumeremo-Bochinche. 17 Nov 1994, Ryvarden 35123 (HOLOTYPE, VEN; ISOTYPE, O).
Tyromyces polyporoides Ryvarden & Iturriaga sp. nov.
Fructificatio pileatae, stipitatae, pileus umbrinum, glaber, pori angulati, 7–8 per mm, systema hypharum monomiticum, hyphae generatoriae fibulatae, basidiosporae allantoideae 4–4.5 x 1–1.3 µm.
Basidiocarps annual, growing in a cluster, laterally stipitate, pileus round to slightly spatulate, up to 2 cm wide and long, 1–3 mm thick, soft when fresh, flexible when dry, upper surface smooth, glabrous, dull, warm chocolate brown, except for a light-colored margin, margin sharp and wavy, pore surface white, pores round, 7–8 per mm, tubes up to 1 mm deep and white to pale cream, context white and dense, up to 2 mm thick at the base. Stipe round, glabrous and smooth, pale cream, up to 2 cm long and 4 mm in diam, dense and homogenous. Hyphal system monomitic; generative hyphae with large and conspicuous clamps, thin- to slightly thick-walled, 3–7 µm wide. Basidia clavate, 4-sterigmate, 10–14 x 4–5 µm. Basidiospores allantoid, hyaline, thin-walled, smooth, IKI-, 4–4.5 x 1–1.3 µm. Cystidia or other sterile hymenial elements absent.
Substrata. On fallen hardwood log. Distribution. Only known from the type locality. Remarks. This is a conspicuous species with clustered laterally stipitate basidiocarps and the warm brown, smooth pileus contrasting the white pore surface. In the field it was taken for a Polyporus sp. s. str, because of the shape of the basidiocarps. It came as a surprise to find that it was monomitic with small allantoid basidiospores. This new species deviates considerably in macromorphology from Polyporus chioneus Fr., the type species of Tyromyces which is a white and sessile species. However, since their microstructure is almost identical, we thought it was wiser to place this new species in Tyromyces rather than describing a new genus. We foresee that the genus as circumscribed today might be split when its species have been sequenced and analyzed. The simple microstructure used as the generic criterion might be a result of convergence.
Specimens examined. VENEZUELA. BOLÍVAR STATE: Parque Nacional Canaima, Gran Sabana, forest 1 km East of Estación Aponwao. 24 Feb 2000, Iturriaga 7273/Ryvarden 42373 (HOLOTYPE, VEN; ISOTYPE, O).
KEY TO NEOTROPICAL SPECIES OF TYROMYCES
1. Basidiocarps stipitate to semistipitate . . . . . 2
1. Basidiocarps sessile-dimidiate . . . . . 4
2. Basidiospores 4–4.5 µm long, pileus warm chocolate brown . . . . . T. polyporoides
2. Basidiospores longer than 6 µm, pileus differently colored . . . . . 3
3. Basidiocarps reddish, basidiospores 6–8 µm long . . . . . T. singeri
3. Basidiocarps beige to wood-colored, basidiospores 8–10 µm long . . . . . T. aquosus
4. Basidiospores allantoid to cylindric . . . . . 5
4. Basidiospores ovoid-ellipsoid . . . . . 11
5. Gloeocystidia present . . . . . T. hypocitrinus
5. Gloeocystidia absent . . . . . 6
6. Basidiospores 5–6 µm long, pores 3–4 per mm, bulbous cystidia present in the dissepiments . . . . . T. nodulosus
6. Basidiospores shorter than 5 µm, pores 4–9 per mm, cystidia absent in the dissepiments . . . . . 7
7. Upper surface pale reddish to dark brown, pores 4–7 per mm . . . . . 8
7. Upper surface whitish to pale yellow, pores 7–9 per mm . . . . . 10
8. Upper surface strigose by bundles of stiff, dark-brown hairs . . . . . T. neostrigosus
8. Upper surface adpressed velutinate to glabrous . . . . . 9
9. Upper surface pale reddish brown, basidiospores 4–4.5 x 1.5–2 µm . . . . . T. preguttulatus
9. Upper surface chocolate brown, basidiospores 3–4 x 1.2–1.5 µm . . . . . T. americanus
10. Upper surface pale yellow, glabrous, basidiocarps rarely more than 3 mm thick . . . . . T. caesioflavus
10. Upper surface white to cream, velvety to tomentose, basidiocarps 1–2 cm thick . . . . . T. leucomallus
11. Basidiocarps contracting strongly and becoming dense and resinous with drying . . . . . 12
11. Basidiocarps not contracting and not becoming dense and resinous by drying . . . . . 13
12. Upper surface hirsute to velvety, whitish to ochraceous gray, basidiospores 5–5.5 x 4–4.5 µm . . . . . T. subgiganteus
12. Upper surface glabrous, dirty white to pink, basidiospores 3.5–4.5 x 2.5–3.2 µm . . . . . T. venustus
13. Context duplex with a dark resinous zone separating upper and lower part, generative hyphae up to 10 µm wide in the context . . . . . T. limitatus
13. Context more or less homogenous and without a dense dark line, generative hyphae rarely above 5 µm wide . . . . . 14
14. Upper surface white to gray becoming beige to pale reddish brown, soon glabrous, strong odor of anise when fresh and becomes brown when bruised . . . . . T. atroalbus
14. Upper surface white to cream or ochraceous, no distinct odor of anise when fresh and more or less unchanged when bruised in fresh condition . . . . . 15
15. Upper surface white and silky velvety, pores angular 3–5 per mm, basidiospores 3.5–4.5 x 2.5–3.5 µm . . . . . T. xuchilensis
15. Upper surface white to cream, tomentose to scrupose, becoming glabrous in parts, pores round to angular, 4–6 per mm, basidiospores 4–5 x 2.5–3.5 µm . . . . . T. pseudolacteus
Tyromyces americanus (D. Reid) Ryvarden & Iturriaga, comb. nov.
. Wrightoporia roseocontexta Ryvarden & Iturriaga sp. nov. Fig. 32
Fructificatio resupinata, pori ochracei, 8–10 per mm, tubi pallide brunnei contextibus rosei, systema hyphale dimiticum, hyphae generatoriae hyalinae, fibulatae, hyphae skeletales hyalinae, nondextrinoideae, basidiosporae globosae, amyloideae, verrucosae, 3–4 µm in diametro.
Basidiocarps annual, resupinate, effused, up to 3 cm wide and 1.5 mm thick, easily attached, soft when fresh, contracting and partly curling when dry, pore surface ochraceous to pale olivaceous brown, pores round, entire, 8–10 per mm; tube layer pale olivaceous brown, dense, resinous fragile, up to 0.7. mm thick, subiculum cottony, pink, up to 1 mm thick. Hyphal system dimitic; generative hyphae hyaline, thin-walled, with clamps, 3–4 µm wide, skeletal hyphae thick-walled to solid, hyaline, nondextrinoid, 4–5 µm wide. Basidia barrel-shaped, 4-sterigmate, 8–10 x 6–8 µm. Basidiospores globose, hyaline, finely asperulate, thin-walled, amyloid, 3–4 µm in diam. Cystidia and other sterile hymenial elements absent.
Substrata. On hardwood log. Distribution. Known only from the type locality. Remarks. The species is recognized by the tiny pores, the pale olivaceous tubes, the globose basidiospores and above all by a cottony distinctly pink context or subiculum.
Specimens examined. VENEZUELA. ARAGUA STATE: Maracay, Parque Nacional Henry Pittier Estación Biológica Rancho Grande. On log of unknown hardwood. 24 Nov 1994, Ryvarden 35504 (HOLOTYPE, VEN; ISOTYPE, O).
KEY TO NEOTROPICAL SPECIES OF WRIGHTOPORIA
1. Basidiocarps perennial, resupinate to effused reflexed, woody, hard, pore surface gray to pale brown . . . . . W. tropicalis
1. Basidiocarps annual to biennial, resupinate to distinctly pileate, soft to fragile, pore surface pinkish to ochraceous or wood-colored . . . . . 2
2. Basidiocarps resupinate . . . . . 3
2. Basidiocarps pileate . . . . . 8
3. Pore surface pinkish to lilac . . . . . W. bracei
3. Pore surface whitish, ochraceous, pale straw-colored . . . . . 4
4. Basidiospores 5–6 µm in diam . . . . . W. lenta
4. Basidiospores 3.5–4.5 µm in longest dimension . . . . . 5
5. Pores 1–3 per mm, irregular, basidiocarp soft, cottony easy to separate from the substrate . . . . . W. avellanea
5. Pores tiny 6–8 per mm, basidiocarp hard to tough, adnate . . . . . 6
6. Skeletal hyphae dextrinoid . . . . . W. micropora
6. Skeletal hyphae nondextrinoid . . . . . 7
7. Generative hyphae with simple septa, subiculum white . . . . . W. efibulata
7. Generative hyphae with clamps, subiculum pink . . . . . W. roseocontexta
8. Upper surface chestnut-colored . . . . . W. brunneo-ochracea
8. Upper surface wood-colored or ochraceous . . . . . 9
9. Pores 1–3 per mm, basidiospores subcylindrical to oblong ellipsoid . . . . . W. porilacerata
9. Pores 3–4 per mm, basidiospores subglobose . . . . . W. cremea
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DISCUSSION |
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TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONRESULTSDISCUSSIONLITERATURE CITED |
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS |
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FOOTNOTES |
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Accepted for publication April 21, 2003.
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LITERATURE CITED |
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TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONRESULTSDISCUSSIONLITERATURE CITED |
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Reid DA., 1976 Notes on polypores 2. Mem. New York Bot Gard 28:179-198
Ryvarden L., 2000 Studies in neotropical polypores 8. Poroid fungi from Jamaica—a preliminary check list. Mycotaxon 76:349-360
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