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Microfungi on the Pandanaceae: Linocarpon lammiae sp. nov., L. siamensis sp. nov. and L. suthepensis sp. nov. are described with a key to Linocarpon species from the Pandanaceae

     Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand

P. Lumyong

     Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand

S. R. Whitton
E. H. C. McKenzie

     Landcare Research, Private Bag 92170, Auckland, New Zealand

K. D. Hyde

     Centre for Research in Fungal Diversity, Department of Ecology & Biodiversity, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China

	ABSTRACT

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS TAXONOMY LITERATURE CITED

 

Linocarpon species are reported from Pandanaceae in Australia, Brunei, Hong Kong, Nepal, New Zealand, Philippines, Seychelles, Thailand and Vanuatu. Linocarpon lammiae sp. nov. were collected on decaying leaves of Pandanus tectorius in Hong Kong. Linocarpon siamensis sp. nov. and L. suthepensis sp. nov. were collected from decaying leaves of P. penetrans in Thailand. These taxa are described, illustrated and compared with Linocarpon species with similar ascospore morphology and dimensions. Included are a synoptic table, which compares the new species to similar known species, and a dichotomous key to species of Linocarpon known from members of the Pandanaceae.

Key words: new species, Pandanus, saprophytic fungi, systematics

	INTRODUCTION

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS TAXONOMY LITERATURE CITED

 
Linocarpon Syd. & P. Syd. was introduced with the single species L. pandani (Syd. & P. Syd.) Syd. & P. Syd. and is characterized by solitary ascomata beneath a circular, raised, typically black, shiny, dome-shaped clypeus and having a central, raised, black, often shiny ostiolar papilla. Ascomata sometimes are gregarious, with overlapping clypeal stromata. Ascospores are typically filiform or cylindrical, elongate, hyaline, smooth and arranged in a single overlapping fascicle. In addition, the ascospores typically have numerous refringent septum-like bands; these are caused by a single row of closely packed guttules. Appendages of varying morphologies often occur at one or both ends of the ascospores. The asci are cylindrical to clavate, truncate or rounded at the apex, and have a small, often refractive, J-apical ring (Hyde 1992).

Species of Linocarpon are distinguished among each other primarily through ascospore morphology and ascospore dimensions. Ascospore shape, the presence or absence of a gelatinous appendage and the morphology of appendages are of primary importance (Hyde 1992, 1997, Dulymamode et al 1998, Poonyth et al 2000). Linocarpon ascospores are aseptate, and might lack appendages, have a single appendage or have bipolar appendages.

In a review of scolecosporous genera of ascomycetes, Walker (1980) discussed the current taxonomic status of species referred to Linocarpon and accepted five species, while L. appendiculatum K.D. Hyde, L. nipae (Henn.) K.D. Hyde and L. pandani were recorded from mangrove palm Nypa fruticans by Hyde (1988). Hyde (1992) revised Linocarpon, accepting 10 species, and introduced L. bipolaris K.D. Hyde as well as L. longisporum K.D. Hyde. After this revision, other species were added; L. hamasporum (Ellis & Everh.) M.E. Barr (Barr 1993); 11 new species and one new combination and key to all 23 accepted species (Hyde 1997); four new species (Dulymamode et al 1998); L. angustatum K.D. Hyde & Alias (Hyde and Alias 1999); and four new species (Fröhlich and Hyde 2000).

Nine species of Linocarpon have been described from pandanaceous substrates: L. appendisporum K.D. Hyde; L. breve K.D. Hyde; L. falciformisporum K.D. Hyde; L. fasciatum Dulymamode; P.F. Cannon & Peerally; L. pandani, L. pandanicola K.D. Hyde; L. spathulatum Dulymamode; P.F. Cannon & Peerally; L. sulcatum Dulymamode, P.F. Cannon & Peerally from Pandanus spp.; and L. freycinetiae (Rehm) K.D. Hyde from Freycinetia sp. (Hyde 1992, 1997, Dulymamode et al 1998). Two other species, L. livistonae (Henn.) K.D. Hyde and L. elaeidis Petr., previously known from palms, also have been reported from Pandanus spp. (Hyde 1997, Dulymamode et al 1998). This research reports on seven species of Linocarpon, all on Pandanaceae, three of which are introduced as new to science.

	MATERIALS AND METHODS

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS TAXONOMY LITERATURE CITED

 
Specimens of Pandanaceae were collected in Australia, Brunei, Hong Kong, Nepal, New Zealand, Philippines, Seychelles, Thailand and Vanuatu. Samples were cut into short lengths and put in snap-lock plastic bags or plastic airtight boxes with wet tissue and incubated at room temperature (25 C) to induce ascomata development. Care was taken not to put too many leaves in each container. All material was examined within a day and up to a month of collection. Material from fresh specimens were mounted in water, as in previous studies, and observed under differential interference microscopy. Measurements were made from discharged ascospores.

	TAXONOMY

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS TAXONOMY LITERATURE CITED

 

Linocarpon Syd. & P. Syd., Ann. Mycol. 15: 210. 1917.

Type species: Linocarpon pandani (Syd. & P. Syd.) Syd. & P. Syd., Ann. Mycol. 15: 210. 1917.

Linospora pandani Syd. & P. Syd., Ann. Mycol. 11: 60. 1913.

Linocarpon falciformisporum K.D. Hyde, Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 123: 123. 1997.

Asci 79–105 µm long, 9–11 µm wide at the widest point. Ascospores 27.5–36 x 3–5 µm.

Habitat/Distribution. Known to inhabit decaying leaves of Pandanus sp. and P. nepalensis. Indonesia (Hyde 1997), Nepal (current specimen).

Specimen examined. NEPAL, Pokhara, in forest around Lake Phewa, on decaying leaves of Pandanus nepalensis, 1 Oct 1997, S.R. Whitton HKU(M) 12710.

Notes. Linocarpon falciformisporum is unique, being easily recognized by its short, cylindrical ascospores and a veil-like appendage at one end of the ascospore (Hyde 1997, figure in Table I). The current specimen has ascospores that are slightly shorter than those reported by Hyde (1997) for L. falciformisporum (33–42 x 2.5–4.5 µm), but this variation is small and is not thought to be of taxonomic significance.

Linocarpon freycinetiae (Rehm) K.D. Hyde, Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 123: 126. 1997.

Asci 72–101 µm long, 7.5–10.5 µm wide at the widest point. Ascospores 32–40 x 2–2.8 µm.

Habitat/Distribution. Known to inhabit decaying leaves of Freycinetia sp. Philippines (Hyde 1997, current specimen).

Specimen examined. PHILIPPINES, Luzon Island, Quezon Region, Los Baos, Mount Makiling, Baranggay Bagang Silang, on decaying leaves of Freycinetia sp., 22 Oct 1996, S.R. Whitton HKU(M) 4983.

Notes. Linocarpon freycinetiae, described from Freycinetia from the Philippines, is characterized by short acicular ascospores. The current specimen differs from the holotype (Hyde 1997) in having slightly longer ascospores (32–40 x 2–2.8 µm vs. 28–32 x 2.5–3 µm) and a distinct mucilaginous pad at the base of the ascospore. The mucilaginous appendage might not have preserved well in the old material. These differences are not significant enough to warrant specific recognition. Linocarpon freycinetiae is similar to L. falciformisporum in respect to ascospore size but differs in having slightly smaller ascospores (28–32 x 2.5–3 µm vs. 33–42 x 2.5–4.5 µm) and lacks the distinctive veil-like appendage found in freshly examined material of L. falciformisporum (Hyde 1997).

Linocarpon lammiae Whitton, K.D. Hyde et McKenzie, sp. nov. Figs. 1–11

View larger version (119K): [in this window] [in a new window]    FIG. 1. Linocarpon lammiae (from holotype). 1. Longitudinal section through an ascoma. 2–5. Ascospores. 6–7. Appearance of pseudostromata in situ. 8–11. Asci. Scale bars: 1 = 100 µm; 2–5 = 10 µm; 6–7 = 500 µm; 8–10 = 20 µm

Etymology. Lammiae, referring to the type locality, Lamma Island, Hong Kong.

Ascomata forming beneath black (sometimes nonpigmented), raised, circular, shiny, dome-shaped areas (pseudostromata) on the host surface, 400–675 µm diam, with a central, raised, black, shiny papilla, solitary or gregarious; pseudostromata pigmentation variable, sometimes black and shiny, sometimes nonpigmented; in some pseudostromata, the pigmentation is well defined with distinct edges, in others pigmentation is variable or indistinct. Ascomata 420–485 µm wide, 190–202 µm high, lenticular, immersed beneath pseudostromata. Ostiole central, surrounded by a dense area of black, stromatized tissue, which is surrounded by short, hyaline, thin-walled, septate, obtuse periphysoids. Peridium 4–14 µm thick, comprising 2–4 layers of thin-walled, brown to pale brown, flattened, elongate cells. Paraphyses 3–7 µm diam., irregularly cylindrical, flexuous, hyaline, smooth, septate, with a broadly rounded apex. Asci 97–133 µm long, 13.5–26 µm wide, 8-spored, clavate, tapering to a rounded or truncate apex, tapering below to a narrow, obtuse base, thin-walled, with a refractive, J-cylindrical apical ring. Ascospores 53–76 µm long, 4.5–7 µm wide, arranged in a single, overlapping fascicle, acicular, with a broadly rounded apex, tapering to an acute base, smooth, hyaline, aseptate, typically slightly curved, without visible gelatinous appendages.

Habitat/Distribution. Known to inhabit decaying leaves of Pandanus tectorius. Australia, Hong Kong.

Specimens examined. AUSTRALIA, QUEENSLAND, Brisbane, on decaying leaves of Pandanus tectorius, 5 Jan 1997, J.G. Wright HOLOTYPE: HKU(M) 12707. HONG KONG, Lamma Island, Hung Shing Yhe Beach, on decaying leaves of P. tectorius, 24 July 1997, S.R. Whitton HKU(M) 12706.

Notes. Linocarpon lammiae is characterized by relatively short, acicular ascospores that have a broadly rounded apex, taper to an acute base, and have no gelatinous appendages (in fresh material). Other species of Linocarpon with short spores are L. freycinetiae, L. clavatum K.D. Hyde, L. falciformisporum, L. breve, L. palmetto (Ellis & Everh.) M.E. Barr and L. spathulatum. Linocarpon palmetto has filiform ascospores (50–56 x 2.5–3.5 µm) and is a pathogen causing necrotic regions on leaves of Sabal palmetto. The ascospores of L. breve (34–45 x 2.2–2.6 µm), L. falciformisporum (33–42 x 2.5–4.5 µm) and L. freycinetiae (28–32 x 2.5–3 µm) are filiform/cylindrical and shorter than those of L. lammiae (Hyde 1997). In addition, L. falciformisporum has a veil-like appendage at one end of the ascospore. In L. clavatum the ascospores are widest at the center, rounded at the apex, truncate and appendaged at the base, and shorter (41–51 x 4–5.5 µm) than those of L. lammiae. Linocarpon spathulatum has similarly shaped ascospores to those of L. lammiae, but they typically are slightly longer (66–89 x 4–6 µm versus 53–76 x 4.5–7 µm) and the base has a distinct gelatinous cap (Dulymamode et al 1998). Based on ascospore morphology and dimensions, these specimens require specific recognition (see key).

Linocarpon pandani (Syd. & P. Syd.) Syd. & P. Syd., Ann. Mycol. 15: 210. 1917.

= Linospora pandani Syd. & P. Syd., Ann. Mycol. 11: 60. 1913.

Asci 85–150 µm long, 7–13 µm wide at the widest point. Ascospores 57–96 x 2–4 µm.

Habitat/Distribution. Known to inhabit decaying leaves of Freycinetia banksii, Miscanthus sp., Pandanus sp., P. copelandii, P. furcatus, P. laevis, P. monticola, P. seychellarum, P. simplex, P. tectorius. Australia (current specimens), Brunei (current specimen), Hong Kong (current specimens), New Zealand (current specimen), Philippines (Hyde 1992, current specimens), Seychelles (current specimen), Taiwan (Hyde 1992), Vanuatu (current specimen).

Specimens examined. AUSTRALIA, NORTH QUEENSLAND, next to the road to Branston Beach from Cairns, on decaying leaves of Pandanus tectorius, 16 June 1996, S.R. Whitton HKU(M) 4977; HKU(M) 4996; 17 June 1996, HKU(M) 4978; North Queensland, Lacey Creek State Forest Park, on decaying leaves of P. monticola, 17 June 1996, S.R. Whitton HKU(M) 4979; HKU(M) 4982; North Queensland, in forest next to Lake Barrine, on decaying leaves of P. monticola, 18 June 1996, S.R. Whitton HKU(M) 4999. BRUNEI DARUSSALAM, Bandar Seri Begawan, in the mangroves at the mouth of Sungai Brunei, on decaying leaves of Pandanus sp., 28 Oct 1995, S.R. Whitton HKU(M) 12711. HONG KONG, Hong Kong Island, Mount Austin, on decaying leaves of P. furcatus, 7 June 1995, S.R. Whitton HKU(M) 4995; Hong Kong Island, The Peak, on decaying leaves of P. furcatus, 8 Aug 1995, S.R. Whitton HKU(M) 4997; Lamma Island, near Lamma Island Youth Hostel, on decaying leaves of P. tectorius, 28 Jan 1997, S.R. Whitton HKU(M) 5000; Lamma Island, Hung Shing Yhe Beach, on decaying leaves of P. tectorius, 24 July 1997, S.R. Whitton HKU(M) 14118; Hong Kong Island, Pokfulam, off Hatton Road in bush above Hong Kong University, on decaying leaves of P. furcatus, 7 Aug 1997, S.R. Whitton HKU(M) 12712. NEW ZEALAND, North Island, northern Hawke Bay, White Pine Bush, on decaying leaves of Freycinetia banksii, 30 Apr 1997, S.R. Whitton HKU(M) 12709. PHILIPPINES, Luzon Island, Quezon Region, Sinoloan, Baranggay Magsaysay U. P. Site, on decaying leaves of Pandanus sp., 21 Oct 1996, S.R. Whitton HKU(M) 4990; HKU(M) 4991; HKU(M) 4992; Luzon Island, Quezon Region, Baranggay Papalong Infanta, on decaying leaves of P. copelandii, 22 Oct 1996, S.R. Whitton HKU(M) 4988; HKU(M) 4989; HKU(M) 4993; Luzon Island, Quezon Region, Laguna, Baranggay Bakas Luisiana, on decaying leaves of P. simplex, 23 Oct 1996, S.R. Whitton HKU(M) 4986; HKU(M) 4987; Luzon Island, Quezon Region, Laguna, Baranggay Balaho Cavinti, on decaying leaves of P. simplex, 23 Oct 1996, S.R. Whitton HKU(M) 4994. SEYCHELLES, Mahe Island, La Reserve, on decaying leaves of P. seychellarum, 31 July 1996, K.D. Hyde HKU(M) 4984. VANUATU, Espiritu Santo Island, South Santo, on decaying leaves of Pandanus sp., 31 Oct 1996, E.H.C. McKenzie HKU(M) 4985.

Notes. Linocarpon pandani is characterized by long, narrow ascospores (62–80 x 2–4 µm) that have distinctive septum-like bands (closely packed guttules) and no mucilaginous appendages. Linocarpon pandanicola is similar to L. pandani in morphology and ascospore dimensions (72–100 x 2.6–3.2 µm). The major morphological character distinguishing these two species is the presence of mucilaginous appendages in L. pandanicola (Hyde 1992, 1997). Many of these specimens have ascospores longer than that reported by Hyde (1992) for L. pandani, but due to the lack of mucilaginous appendages it is considered more appropriate to place them in L. pandani than L. pandanicola.

Linocarpon pandanicola K.D. Hyde, Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 123: 129. 1997.

Asci 100–136 µm long, 8–9 µm wide at the widest point. Ascospores 74–90 x 2–3 µm.

Habitat/Distribution. Known to inhabit decaying leaves of Pandanus sp., P. furcatus and decaying petioles of Mauritia flexuosa. Brunei Darussalam (current specimen), Ecuador (Fröhlich & Hyde 2000), Hong Kong (current specimen), Indonesia (Hyde 1997).

Specimens examined. BRUNEI DARUSSALAM, Temburong, Batu Apoi Forest Reserve, Kuala Belalong Field Studies Centre, alongside Esu Stream, on decaying leaves of Pandanus sp., 25 Oct 1995, S.R. Whitton HKU(M) 4981. HONG KONG, New Territories, Tai Po Kau Country Park, on decaying leaves of P. furcatus, 1995, S.R. Whitton HKU(M) 4980.

Notes. Linocarpon pandanicola is characterized by long, narrow ascospores (72–100 x 2.6–3.2 µm) with small mucilaginous pads at each end (Hyde 1997). Linocarpon pandani is similar to L. pandanicola but differs by having slightly shorter ascospores and no mucilaginous appendages (Hyde 1992, 1997). Both specimens collected in this study have mucilaginous appendages and thus are identified as L. pandanicola.

Linocarpon siamensis Thongkantha, sp. nov. Figs. 12–21

View larger version (177K): [in this window] [in a new window]    FIGS. 12–21. Linocarpon siamensis (from holotype). 12. Appearance of pseudostromata on host surface. 13. Paraphyses and asci. 14. Longitudinal section of ascoma. 15–17. Asci. 18–21. Ascospores. Note the bipolar appendages (arrowed). Scale bars: 12, 14 = 200 µm; 13 = 20 µm; 15–17 = 20 µm; 18–21 = 10 µm

Etymology. In reference to Siam (Thailand), where the specimens were collected.

Ascomata forming beneath black, raised, circular, shiny, dome-shaped areas (pseudostromata) on the host surface, 575–825 x 650–875 µm, with a minute central black dot, solitary. Pseudostromata pigmentation variable, sometimes being black and shiny, sometimes non-pigmented. Ascomata 850–950 µm wide, 140–240 µm high, hemispherical, with a flattened base. Ostiole central, raised. Peridium thin, comprising a few layers of brown-walled, compressed cells. Paraphyses 3–12 µm at the widest point, filamentous, smooth, septate, apex broadly rounded or obtuse, flexuous, hyaline, tapering toward the apex, surrounded by a gelatinous matrix. Asci 100–156 x 7.7–9.3 µm, 8-spored, cylindrical, pedicellate, rounded or truncate apex, with a J- ring. Ascospores 59–71 x 3.1–3.3 µm ( = 67.3 x 3.15 µm, n = 20), arranged in a single overlapping fascicle, filiform, hyaline, often slightly curved or straight, containing numerous refringent, septum-like bands, gelatinous cap-like or pad-like appendages at both ends (Figs. 18–21).

Habitat/Distribution. Known to inhabit decaying leaves of Pandanus penetrans, Thailand.

Specimens examined. THAILAND, Chiang Mai, Doi Suthep-Pui National Park, on decaying leaves of Pandanus penetrans, 21 July 2001, S. Thongkantha PQ 010, HOLOTYPE: PDD 74300; 31 July 2001, S. Thongkantha PQ 010/1 PDD 74301.

Notes. Linocarpon siamensis is characterized by filiform ascospores, with pad-like appendages at both ends. A similar species, L. appendisporum, is differentiated from L. siamensis by the morphology of the mucilaginous appendages and ascospore shape. In L. appendisporum the spore ends are truncate, while in L. siamensis they taper to a point (Hyde, 1997). Linocarpon alpiniae K.D. Hyde, L. clavatum K.D. Hyde and L. falciformisporum have ascospores shaped similarly to those of L. siamensis but are shorter and slightly wider (L. alpiniae 56–64 x 3.5–4.5 µm, L. clavatum 33–42 x 2.5–4.5 µm, L. falciformisporum 41–45 x 4–5.5 µm), and the latter two have a minute mucilaginous appendage, evident at only one end of the ascospore (Table I). Linocapon alpinae, which is most similar to L. siamensis, was observed as fresh material by Hyde (1997), and ascospores are narrower and taper to apiculate processes that lack appendages.

Linocarpon suthepensis Thongkantha, sp. nov. Figs. 22–31

View larger version (149K): [in this window] [in a new window]    FIGS. 22–31. Linocarpon suthepensis (from holotype). 22. Appearance of pseudostromata on host surface. 23. Section of ascoma. 24. Asci and paraphyses. 25. Asci with J-apical ring. 26–31. Ascospores. Note the apical appendages. Scale bars: 22 = 200 µm; 23 = 100 µm; 24 = 20 µm; 25–31 = 10 µm.

Etymology. In reference to Doi Suthep Pui National Park, where the specimens were collected.

Ascomata forming beneath black, slightly raised, circular, grayish-black areas, 300–485 µm diam (pseudostromata) on the host surface, with pronounced black papilla, typically gregarious. Ascomata 500–650 µm wide, 162–280 µm high, lenticular, black, developing deep inside leaf tissues. Ostiole central, raised. Peridium thin, comprising a few layers of brown-walled compressed cells. Paraphyses 4.6–7.7 µm at the widest point, filamentous, smooth, septate, obtuse, flexuous, hyaline, tapering toward the apex. Asci 77–92.5 x 6.1–7.7 µm, 8-spored, cylindrical, pedicellate, apex rounded or truncate, with a J- apical ring. Ascospores 18.5–30.8 x 2.3–3.1 µm ( = 25.5 x 3 µm, n = 20), multiseriate, cylindrical, hyaline, straight or slightly curved, often containing numerous refringent septum-like bands, with a basal, arrow-like appendage.

Habitat/Distribution. Known to inhabit decaying leaves of Pandanus penetrans, Thailand.

Specimens examined. THAILAND: Chiang Mai, Doi Suthep Pui National Park, in rainforest, on dead leaves of Pandanus penetrans, 21 July 2001, S. Thongkantha PQ 011, HOLOTYPE: PDD 74602; 31 July 2001, S. Thongkantha PQ 011/1 PDD 74416.

Notes. Linocarpon suthepensis is characterized by short ascospores that have a rounded apex, with an arrow-like appendage at the base. Other species of Linocarpon with short ascospores and an appendage at only one end are L. clavatum and L. falciformisporum. Linocarpon suthepensis differs in having shorter ascospores (L. clavatum 33–42 x 2.5–4.5 µm, L. falciformisporum 41–45 x 4–5.5 µm) and for Linocarpon species, a unique appendage morphology. Appendages of L. clavatum and L. falciformisporum are mucilaginous and veil-like, respectively. Ascospores of L. suthepensis are shorter than L. appendisporum (60–76 µm) and L. breve (34–45 µm), which have appendages at both ends of the ascospores (Table I).

KEY TO SPECIES OF LINOCARPON KNOWN FROM THE PANDANACEAE

 1. Ascospores swollen toward the apex, tapering to a narrow base . . . . . 2

 1. Ascospores cylindrical or filiform . . . . . 4

      2. Ascospores 76–107 x 3–4 µm; basal appendage of ascospores 3–4.5 x 1–1.5 µm; asci 92–170 x 12–20 µm, cylindrical . . . . . L. sulcatum

      2. Ascospores wider than 4 µm . . . . . 3

 3. Ascospores 66–89 x 4–6 µm, with short (6 x 2 µm) gelatinous appendage at base; asci 110–170 x 12–16 µm, cylindrical . . . . . L. spathulatum

 3. Ascospores 53–76 x 4.5–7 µm, without appendages; asci 97–133 x 13.5–26 µm, clavate . . . . . L. lammiae

      4. Ascospores <60 µm long . . . . . 5

      4. Ascospores >60 µm long . . . . . 8

 5. Appendages absent, ascospores 28–32 x 2.5–3 µm; asci 54–82 x 7–10 µm, cylindric-clavate . . . . . L. freycinetiae

 5. Ascospores with appendages . . . . . 6

      6. Appendage at each end collar-like, ascospores 34–45 x 2.2–2.6 µm; asci 104–138 x 4.5–6 µm, cylindrical . . . . . L. breve

      6. Ascospore appendages only at basal end . . . . . 7

 7. Ascospores 33–42 x 2.5–4.5 µm; appendage mucilaginous, becoming sickle-shaped or veil-like in water; asci 112–140 x 8–10 µm, cylindrical . . . . . L. falciformisporum

 7. Ascospores 18.5–31 x 2.3–3.1 µm; appendage arrow-like; asci 77–92.5 x 6.1–7.7 µm, cylindrical . . . . . L. suthepensis

      8. Ascospore appendages absent . . . . . 9

      8. Ascospore appendages present . . . . . 10

 9. Ascospores 62–80 x 2–4 µm; asci 100–140 x 8–10 µm, cylindrical . . . . . L. pandani

 9. Ascospores 84–110 x 2.5–3.5 µm; asci 110–178 x 8–14 µm, cylindrical . . . . . L. fasciatum

     10. Ascospore appendages basal . . . . . 11

     10. Ascospore appendages bipolar . . . . . 12

11. Ascospores 70–104 x 1.6–2.3 µm; appendage mucilaginous; asci 100–140 x 6–12 µm, cylindrical . . . . . L. livistonae

11. Ascospores 72–97 x 3–4 µm; appendage mucilaginous; asci 116–148 x 9–13 µm, cylindrical . . . . . L. elaeidis

     12. Ascospore 72–100 x 2.6–3.2 µm; appendages pad-like; asci 160–190 x 8–10 µm, cylindrical . . . . . L. pandanicola

     12. Ascospores typically shorter . . . . . 13

13. Ascospores 59–71 x 3.1–3.3 µm; appendages pad-like; asci 100–156 x 7.7–9.3 µm, cylindrical . . . . . L. siamensis

13. Ascospores 60–76 x 2.7–4 µm, appendages gelatinous, spreading in water; asci 100–150 x 8–10 µm, cylindrical . . . . . L. appendisporum

	ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

 
K.D. Hyde thanks The Institute of Science and Technology Development of Chiang Mai University for financing his visit to Chiang Mai University. B. Bussaban and I. Promputtha are thanked for help in collecting samples. S.R. Whitton thanks the University of Hong Kong for the award of a postgraduate studentship. We thank W.H. Ho, C. Pearce and T. Umali for organizing collection trips in Brunei, Australia and the Philippines, respectively. Landcare Research is thanked for providing research facilities for S.R. Whitton in May 1996.

	FOOTNOTES

 
¹ Corresponding author, scboi009{at}chiangmai.ac.th

Accepted for publication August 31, 2002.

	LITERATURE CITED

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS TAXONOMY LITERATURE CITED

 
Barr ME., 1993 Redisposition of Ellis taxa: a correction. Mycotaxon 48:537.

Dulymamode R, Cannon PF, Peerally A., 1998 Fungi from Mauritius: Linocarpon species on Pandanus. Mycol Res 102:1331-1337

Fröhlich J, Hyde KD., 2000 Palm Microfungi. Fungal Diversity Research Series 3, Fungal Diversity Press, Hong Kong, 380 p

Hyde KD., 1988 The genus Linocarpon from the mangrove palm Nypa fruticans. Trans Mycol Soc Japan 29:339-350

———. 1992 Fungi from palms. I. The genus Linocarpon, a revision. Sydowia 44:32-54

———. 1997 Additions to the genus Linocarpon (Ascomycetes: Hyponectriaceae). Bot J Linn Soc 123:109-131

———, Alias SA., 1999 Linocarpon angustatum sp. nov., and Neolinocarpon nypicola sp. nov. from petioles of Nypa fruticans, and a list of fungi from aerial parts of this host. Mycoscience 40:145-150

Poonyth AD, Hyde KD, Wong SW, Peerally A., 2000 Ultrastructure of asci and ascospore appendages in Linocarpon appendiculatum and L. nipae. Bot Mar 43:213-221

Walker J., 1980 Gaeumannomyces, Linocarpon, Ophiobolus and several other genera of scolecospored ascomycetes and Phialiophora conidial states, with a note on hyphopodia. Mycotaxon 11:1-129

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