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Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, C.C. 495, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
Mario Rajchenberg 2
Área de Protección, Centro de Investigación y Extensión Forestal Andino Patagónico, C.C. 14, 9200 Esquel, Chubut, Argentina
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ABSTRACT |
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Two new species of poroid Hymenochaetaceae (Aphyllophorales, Basidiomycota) are described and illustrated. They were causing decay on living and standing dead Polylepis australis ("tabaquillo" or "queñoa") in the Córdoba Mountains in central Argentina. Inonotus serranus is characterized by a biannual basidiocarp, with a dark line separating tomentum from context; ellipsoid to ovoid, thick walled, colored spores; and the absence of setae. Phellinus uncisetus is characterized by uncinate setae with ventricose uniradicate base and well-differentiated apical portion; a basidiocarp attached by a narrow area to the substrate; ventricose, hyaline cistidioles; and by subglobose, hyaline spores, with very thick walls. The identity of Phellinus setulosus is discussed.
Key words: Hymenochaetaceae, Inonotus serranus, Phellinus setulosus complex, Phellinus uncisetus
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INTRODUCTION |
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TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONMATERIALS AND METHODSTAXONOMYLITERATURE CITED |
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and references therein). Nevertheless, many substrates and their associated taxa remain unexplored. Recently, interesting records and new species of poroid Hymenochaetaceae were reported from that area (Urcelay et al 1999, 2000, Urcelay and Rajchenberg 1999). As part of the survey of wood-inhabiting polypores of the aforementioned region, several visits to the high "tabaquillo" or "queñoa" (Polylepis australis Bitt., Rosaceae) forests were made.
The genus Polylepis R. & P. seems to have originated in the eastern South American, Andean forests (Fernández 1970), but the present distribution is restricted to high Andean regions (Fjeldså and Kessler 1996), and extra-Andean mountains in Argentina (Cabrera 1971). Polylepis is one of the few genera that form forest patches above the timberline, often found in deep canyons and ravines and along water courses, being generally isolated from other forest vegetation types (Simpson 1979). Polylepis australis reaches the southern limit of the genus distribution in the mountains where this study has been developed. The function of these forests, other than representing a wood resource in zones where no other trees can grow, is to act like a sponge, storing large amounts of water in the vegetation and in organic soils and releasing it gradually during the dry season. In this way, these forests also moderate the runoff and protect against erosion (Fjeldså and Kessler 1996).
In this study, two new poroid Hymenochaetaceae causing decay on living and dead "tabaquillo" are described and illustrated. Due to confusing descriptions and records of Phellinus setulosus, the identity and characterization of this taxon is discussed.
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MATERIALS AND METHODS |
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) (Fig. 1).
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) was followed. Microscopic structures were observed with an optic microscope KYOWA (x1000) and were drawn with a camera lucida attached to the microscope. Macroscopic examinations were done with a stereo microscope (Zeiss, 10–45x). The holotypes and other collections were deposited in the herbarium of the "Museo Botánico, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba" (CORD). |
TAXONOMY |
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HOLOTYPUS. ARGENTINA, CÓRDOBA, Dpto. Punilla, Los Gigantes, Valle de Los Lisos, 31°25'66'' S, 64°47'21'' W, ad truncis viventis Polylepis australis, 31 Feb 2000, Urcelay 191, in Herb CORD conservatus est.
Basidiocarp annual to biannual, effused to effused-reflexed, up to 9 x 7 cm and up to 2 cm thick; reflexed portions forming small pilei, 1 x 0.5 cm, velutinate and tomentose. Tomentum present against the substrate and on the pilear surface, thin to 0.8 mm thick, dark chocolate brown, separated from the context by a thin, black line. Pore surface dark brown, glancing, becoming yellowish brown towards the margin, pores 4–6 per mm, angular, with thin entire dissepiments. Margin velutinate, dark chocolate brown to yellowish brown. Context brown, corky, poorly developed, up to 3 mm thick. Tomentum, black line and context present between each stratum. Tube layer concolorous and continuous with the context, up to 6 mm long. Hyphal system monomitic. Contextual hyphae thin walled and hyaline, or walls distinct and melleous to chestnut thick walled, branched or not, simple septate, 2.4–6(–7) µm in diam. Tramal hyphae similar to the contextual hyphae. Setae and setal hyphae absent. Basidia broadly clavate to ovoid, 9.6–12.8 x 6.4–7.2 µm, with 4 sterigmata and simple septa at the base. Basidiospores ellipsoid to ovoid, with a straight side, 5.5–7.2 x 4–5 µm, smooth, thick walled, pale golden brown, IKI-.
Associated wood-rot. White.
Substrate. On trunk of living and dead standing "tabaquillo" or "queñoa".
Geographic distribution. In Polylepis australis forest patches, in high grasslands (1300–2400 m) of Córdoba Mountains, central Argentina.
Etymology. "Serranus": referring to the region in which the specimen was collected, the Sierras Grandes of Córdoba, Argentina.
Specimen examined. ARGENTINA. CÓRDOBA: Dpto. Punilla, Los Gigantes, Valle de Los Lisos, 31 Jan 2000, Urcelay 191 (HOLOTYPE CORD). Dpto. San Alberto, Pampa de Achala, Quebrada del Condorito, 19 Mar 2000, Robledo 3.
Remarks.
The effuse habit with small, reflexed portions, the upper tomentum separated from the context by a black line, the absence of setae, and the substrate, make this species different from the other species in the genus. Inonotus serranus might be related with species in the genus Phylloporia Murr., a genus that groups monomitic, hymenochaetoid, poroid taxa that caused rot on living substrata, and with basidiomes that present a black line under a tomentum, and that lack hymenial setae or setal hyphae (Wagner and Ryvarden 2002). Phylloporia also is characterized by yellowish basidiospores, smaller than 5 µm, an important feature that is different in the new taxon. Inonotus splitgerberi (Mont.) Ryvarden has micromorphological similar features, but differs in the almost hyaline basidiospores and a pileate basidiomes that turns red with KOH. The biannual habit of Inonotus serranus is reported for the first time for the genus. It differs from the taxa belonging to the monomitic genus Phellinidium (Kotl.) Fiasson and Niemelä, by the absence of hyphoid setae (Fiasson and Niemelä 1984, Dai 1999).
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HOLOTYPUS. ARGENTINA, CÓRDOBA, Dpto. Punilla, Los Gigantes, Valle de Los Lisos, 31°25'66'' S, 64°47'21'' W, ad basis trunci viventis Polylepis australis, 1 Feb 2001, Urcelay 292, in Herb CORD conservatus est.
Basidiocarp perennial, sessile, solitary, ungulate to demediate, sometimes pendent, up to 12 x 12 x 7 cm, woody hard, attached by a narrow area to the substrate. Pileus glabrous, concentrically sulcate, indurated, with the indurating surface thin or thick, grayish to black, rimose or not, often covered with mosses and lichens. Margin golden brown, blunt and even, slightly velvety, in some specimens strongly developed. Pore surface golden brown, glancing. Pores 5–6 per mm, circular to angular, with smooth, entire dissepiments. Context fibrous, bright golden brown, well developed, up to 4 cm thick, sometimes present between the strata. Tubes concolorous, each stratum up to 4 mm long. Tube layer up to 1.2 cm thick. Hyphal system dimitic. Contextual generative hyphae simple septate, hyaline thin walled to brown thick walled, 2.5–6.5 µm in diam. Contextual skeletal hyphae thick-walled, pale to dark brown, 3–8 µm in diam. Tramal hyphae similar to contextual hyphae, but narrower, up to 5 µm in diam. Setal hyphae absent. Hymenial setae present, abundant, ventricose, with inflated base, 26–50 x 5–10 µm and an apical portion well distinguished from the base, mostly uncinate or hooked, 2.4–3.2 µm in diam. Cystidioles abundant, ventricose, hyaline, thin walled, with inflated base and elongated thin apex, up to 56 x 5–6 µm, apical portion 1.5–2.5 µm in diam. Basidia broadly clavate to ovoid, 9.5–11 x 5–6 µm, with 4 sterigmata, rarely seen. Basidiospores subglobose, hyaline, sometimes with little oily drops, 6–7 x 5.5–6 µm, with strongly thickened, hyaline walls, IKI-.
Associated wood-rot. White.
Substrate. On trunk of living and dead standing "tabaquillo" or "queñoa".
Geographic distribution. In Polylepis australis forest patches, in high grasslands (1300–2400 m) of Córdoba Mountains, central Argentina.
Etymology. "Uncisetus": "unci" (Latin): uncinate, hooked, "setus": setae.
Specimens examined. ARGENTINA. CÓRDOBA: Dpto. San Alberto, Pampa de Achala, between La Pampilla and El Cóndor, 28 Nov 1999, Urcelay n° 175, 177, 178, 181, and 187 (CORD). Dpto. Punilla, Los Gigantes, Valle de Los Lisos, 31 Jan 2000, Urcelay 190 and 192 (CORD). Los Gigantes, Valle de Los Lisos, 21 Oct 2000 Urcelay 251 (CORD). Los Gigantes, Valle de Los Lisos, 1 Feb 2001, Urcelay 291, 292 (HOLOTYPE), and 293 (CORD).
Remarks. P. uncisetus belongs in the P. setulosus (Lloyd) Imazeki complex, characterized by perennial basidiocarp, with glabrous, tomentose-to-rimose pileus, ventricose setae with straight or curved apex, and subglobose to ovoid, hyaline to slightly colored, thick walled spores. The new species resembles P. setulosus specimens in similar features of the basidiocarp and the ventricose setae. Nevertheless, P. uncisetus has narrower and longer uniradicate setae with a strongly inflated base, and a well distinguished elongated apical portion that, in most of the cases, finishes uncinate or hooked (Fig. 8). In addition, P. uncisetus differs in having abundant, ventricose, hyaline cystidioles, longer spores, and larger pores.
Within this complex, the specific concept of P. setulosus is variable, according to different authors. The spores have been described as thin walled (Corner 1991, Sharma 1995) or this character has not been mentioned (Cunningham 1965, Lowe 1957, Quanten 1997). The setae have been described as subulated (Cunningham 1965, Quanten 1997) or as ventricose (Lowe 1957, Corner 1991). The re-examination of the specimen of Fomes setulosus Lloyd (38157, BPI), described by Lloyd (1915) (Fig. 6), showed that the spores are globose to subglobose, thick walled, hyaline to yellowish, and that the hymenial setae are multiradicate, with two, three or four roots, and a very inflated base with a short apical portion, that frequently is curved (Fig. 9). This particular feature of the hymenial setae rarely has been observed in the Hymenochaetaceae and never mentioned for P. setulosus. Other collections from Borneo (Corner 28212, O) and Japan (10729 and 19562, TFM-F) also were examined and showed all the features observed in the type specimen of P. setulosus; nevertheless, it is worth noting that the Japanese collections had most of the setae biradicate (Fig. 10). Specimens identified and described by Cunningham (1965) as P. setulosus for New Zealand, differ notably from the type specimen and belong to P. wahlbergii (Fr.) D.A. Reid (Buchanan and Ryvarden 2000), as we could confirm after examining several collections (PDD 2130, 2131, 5777, 6060, 6419, 7836, and 35440). It seems worthwhile to critically examine the collections described in the literature to confirm their identity.
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS |
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FOOTNOTES |
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Accepted for publication August 31, 2002.
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LITERATURE CITED |
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TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONMATERIALS AND METHODSTAXONOMYLITERATURE CITED |
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Cabrera AL., 1971 Fitogeografía de la República Argentina. Bol Soc Argent Bot 14:1-42
Corner EJH., 1991 Ad Polyporaceas VII. The Xanthochroic Polypores. Nova Hedwigia, Beihefte 101:1-175
Cunningham GH., 1965 Polypraceae of New Zealand. New Zealand Dept Sci Industr Res Bull 64:1-175
Dai YCh., 1999 Phellinus sensu lato (Aphyllophoralles, Hymenochaetaceae) in East Asia. Acta Bot Fennica 166:1-115
Fernández J., 1970 Polylepis tomentella y orogenia reciente. Bol Soc Argent Bot 13:14-30
Fiasson JL, Niemelä T., 1984 The Hymenochaetales: a revision of the European poroid taxa. Karstenia 24:14-28
Fjeldså J, Kessler M., 1996 Conserving the biological diversity of Polylepis Woodlands of the Highland of Peru and Bolivia. A contribution to sustainable natural resource management in the Andes. Copenhagen, Denmark: NORDECO. 250 p
Gilbertson RL, Ryvarden L., 1986 North American Polypores. Vol. 1. Oslo: Fungiflora. 433 p
Lloyd CG., 1915 Synopsis of the genus Fomes. Mycol Writ 4:209-288
Lowe JL., 1957 Polyporaceae of North America. The genus Fomes. Technical publication 80. Syracuse, New York: State University College of Forestry. 97 p
Luti R, Solís M, Galera FM, Müller N, Berzal N, Nores M, Herrera M, Barrera JC., 1979 Vegetación. In: Vázquez J, Miatello M, Roque M, eds. Geografía Física de la Provincia de Córdoba. Buenos Aires, Argentina: Editorial Boldt. p 297–368
Quanten E., 1997 The polypores (Polyporaceae s.l.) of Papua New Guinea. A preliminary conspectus. Opera Botanica Belgica 11. Meise, Belgium: National Botanic Garden. 352 p
Sharma JR., 1995 Hymenochaetaceae of India. Calcutta, India: Botanical Survey of India. 219 p
Simpson B., 1979 A revision of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae: Sanguisorbeae). Smithsonian Contr Bot 43:1-62
Urcelay C, Rajchenberg M., 1999 Two North American Inonotus (Hymenochaetaceae, Aphyllophorales) found in Argentina. Mycotaxon 72:417-422
———, ———, Domínguez L., 1999 Algunos hongos xilófilos (Aphyllophorales y Tremellales, Basidiomycota) poco conocidos de la Provincia Fitogeográfica Chaqueña (Argentina). Kurtziana 27:251-256
———, Robledo G, Rajchenberg M., 2000 Phellinus tabaquilio sp. nov. from Córdoba Mountains, Central Argentina. Mycotaxon 76:287-291
Wagner T, Ryvarden L., 2002 Phylogeny and taxonomy of the genus Phylloporia (Hymenochaetales). Mycological Progress 1:105-116
Wright JE, Blumenfeld SN., 1984 New South American species of Phellinus (Hymenochaetaceae). Mycotaxon 21:413-425
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