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Universität Tübingen, Botanisches Institut, Lehrstuhl für Botanik und Mykologie, Auf der Morgenstelle 1, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
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ABSTRACT |
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 TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTIONMATERIALS AND METHODSTAXONOMYLITERATURE CITED |
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Four new Cortinarius species are described from Nothofagus forests in South Chile. Cortinarius aurantiorufus and C. punctatisporus, subgenus Phlegmacium, stirps Inflatipes, are mainly characterized by a viscid to glutinous pileus and a bulbous whitish stipe. They differ in the color of the pileus, and shape, ornamentation, and size of the basidiospores. Futhermore, C. punctatisporus has a translucently striate pileus. Cortinarius rubrivelatus and C. parahumilis belong to subgenus Telamonia, stirps Brunneivelatus and Scabrisporus, respectively. Cortinarius rubrivelatus has a reddish veil, a viscid pileus, and large, ellipsoid to amygdaliform basidiospores. Cortinarius parahumilis has small, subglobose to broadly elliptical, minutely verrucose basidiospores and a viscid pileus.
Key words: Agaricales, ectomycorrhiza, morphology, Phlegmacium, South America, Telamonia
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INTRODUCTION |
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TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONMATERIALS AND METHODSTAXONOMYLITERATURE CITED |
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was the first to publish descriptions of Cortinarius species for this area. Subsequently, Singer and Moser (1965)
cited 18 species from Cordillera Pelada. Most of the species descriptions for both Argentina and Chile were contributed by Moser and Horak (1975)
and Horak (1980)
. More recently, Garrido (1988)
reported some taxa from central Chile and Valenzuela and Esteve-Raventós (1994)
described C. horaki collected in Cordillera Pelada. More than 250 Cortinarius species have been reported with Nothofagus in South America. |
MATERIALS AND METHODS |
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TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONMATERIALS AND METHODSTAXONOMYLITERATURE CITED |
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(Caill). Dried fungal material is deposited in TUB.
According to the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (Greuter et al 2000
), 
60.8, we use the spellings ‘Cortinarius brunneivelatus’ and ‘C. scabrisporus’ [for C. brunneovelatus and C. scabrosporus in Moser and Horak (1975)
], as well as corresponding forms for the higher taxa derived from these species.
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TAXONOMY |
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TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONMATERIALS AND METHODSTAXONOMYLITERATURE CITED |
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Pileus 0.8–5.5 cm latus, primo hemisphaericus vel convexus, subumbonatus, dein plano-convexus vel depressus, margine involuto, dein irregulari vel undulato, viscidus in conditione humido, leviter hygrophanus, juventute rufus, dein aurantio-rufus. Lamellae emarginatae vel adnatae, denticulo subdecurrentes, pallide brunneae. Stipes 1.5–9 cm longus, apice 0.4–0.7 cm, basi 1–2 cm crassus, bulbosus, dein clavatus, longitudinaliter fibrillosus, siccus, albidus, mycelio basali albo. Caro aurantio-rufus in statu humido. KOH ope pileus reactione brunnea. Basidiosporae (8–)9–10 x 5–6 µm, Q = 1.67, S = ±0.13, ellipsoideae vel amygdaliformes, verrucosae, brunneae ad flavo-brunneae. Basidia 28–35 x 7–8 µm, tetrasporigera, cylindrica ad clavata. Septa hypharum fibulata. Cystidia nulla.
Habitat sub Nothofago dombeyi (Mirb.) Blume in sylva ‘coigue’ dicta. CHILE. VALDIVIA PROV.: Valdivia, San Antonio, 10-V-1998, S. Garnica 59 (TYPUS SG 59 TUB 011291).
Pileus 0.8–5.5 cm in diam, at first hemispherical to convex and slightly umbonate, finally becoming plano-convex to depressed, margin involute, entire, in older basidiocarps becoming irregular to undulate, viscid, slightly hygrophanous, in younger ones rufous (Caill T 13, R 15, S 17), later mixed with an orange tone (Caill P 39). Lamellae emarginate to adnate with subdecurrent teeth, close, narrow, with entire edges, pale brown. Stipe 1.5–9 cm long, 0.4–0.7 cm wide above, base 1–2 cm wide, in younger specimens bulbous, later becoming clavate, longitudinally fibrillose, dry, hollow, whitish with brown tones, bulb solid, with whitish mycelium at the base. Cortina whitish, only visible in younger specimens. Context of pileus and stipe red orange-brown in moist conditions. Reaction with 10% KOH dark brown on surface of pileus and stipe. Odor not distinctive. Taste unknown. Basidiospores (8–)9–10 x 5–6 µm, Q = 1.67, S = ±0.13 (n = 51), ellipsoid to amygdaliform, slightly verrucose, yellowish brown to brown. Under SEM basidiospores finely punctate or with irregular crests, ornamentation regularly distributed. Basidia 28–35 x 7–8 µm, 4-spored, cylindric to clavate, hyaline, clamped, sterigmata 2–5 µm long. Basidioles 24–30(–35) x 7–9 µm, hyaline, cylindrical to clavate, clamped. Cystidia absent. Subhymenium of narrow 2–3(–4) µm wide, hyaline, clamped and shortly branched hyphae. Hymenophoral trama regular, consisting of long, cylindrical to inflated, parallelly arranged, 4–20 µm wide, hyaline to yellowish cells with clamps; mediostratum of more or less short, inflated to cylindrical, long cells and lateral stratum of relatively thin cells. Gelatinous layer of pileus composed of 3–5 µm wide, hyaline to yellowish brown, clamped hyphae, basal hyphae arranged parallel to the epicutis. Hyphae of epicutis 5–10 µm wide, of cylindrical to slightly inflated, parallel, hyaline to yellowish-brown cells with clamps. Hyphae of hypocutis consisting of subradially to irregularly arranged, subglobose, ovoid to ellipsoid, 15–25 µm wide, reddish pigmented cells. Hyphae of pileus context 5–30 µm wide, consisting of cylindrical or subglobose, ovoid to ellipsoid, yellowish brown cells, with clamps. Hyphae of stipe margin 3–5 µm wide, cylindrical, hyaline to yellowish brown, rarely branched, clamped. Hyphae of stipe context 5–20 µm wide, cylindrical, hyaline to yellowish brown, walls with refringent to yellowish brown incrustations, with clamps. The pigments of epicutis, hypocutis, and context of the pileus and stipe are soluble in 3% KOH after some minutes. Oleiferous hyphae 4–7(–10) µm wide, with refringent to reddish brown content, cylindrical to irregularly tortuous. Hyphae of the cortina 3–4 µm wide, hyaline, clamped.
Specimen examined. CHILE. VALDIVIA PROV.: Valdivia, San Antonio, 10-V-1998, S. Garnica 59 (TYPUS SG 59 TUB 011291).
Etymology. aurantius, Latin = orange; rufus, Latin = rufous; referring to the color of the pileus.
Habitat. Solitary on red argillaceous soil in litter under Nothofagus dombeyi (Mirb.) Blume in ‘coigue’ forest.
Cortinarius aurantiorufus is well characterized by the viscid, bright rufous to orange-brown pileus, ellipsoid to amygdaliform basidiospores, and a bulbous whitish stipe. According to these features we have placed C. aurantiorufus in the subgenus and section Phlegmacium, subsection Multiformes, stirps Inflatipes (Moser and Horak 1975
). In the stirps Inflatipes 11 species have been described, differentiated principally by the shape of the stipe, color of the pileus, occurrence of cystidia, and size of the basidiospores. Among these, C. albobrunneus Mos. and C. tricholomoides Mos. might be most closely related to C. aurantiorufus based on the key by Moser and Horak (1975)
. The first species is distinguishable from C. aurantiorufus by its cheilocystidia, the second by the dry pileus and a stipe with ochre brown veil zones. Another species close to C. aurantiorufus may be C. phaeocephalus Hk. due to the color of the center of the pileus. However, it differs in the shape of pileus and stipe, the color of the margin of the pileus and the diameter of the hyphae of the gelatinous layer. According to Horak (1980)
, C. phaeocephalus is also distinguished by an innately fibrillose stipe and pileus, a negative reaction with KOH and a more robust basidiocarp, characters not observed in C. aurantiorufus.
Cortinarius punctatisporus Garnica, sp. nov. Figs. 4–6 , 17
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Pileus 1.6–5 cm latus, convexus ad plano-convexus, subumbonatus, glutinosus in conditione humido, striatus, hygrophanus, flavo-brunneus ad pallide brunneus, margine undulato, dein scisso. Lamellae emarginatae vel adnatae, denticulo subdecurrentes, flavide brunneae. Stipes 5.3–6.5 cm longus, apice 0.4–0.8 cm, basi 0.6–1.1 cm crassus, bulbosus dein clavatus, siccus, albidus. Caro brunnea in statu humido. KOH ope pileus reactione obscure brunnea. Basidiosporae 9–11 x 4.5–5 µm, Q = 2, S = ±0.12, subfusiformes, minute verrucosae, brunneae ad flavo-brunneae. Basidia 25–32 x 7–8 µm, tetrasporigera, cylindrica ad clavata. Septa hypharum fibulata. Cystidia nulla.
Habitat sub Nothofago dombeyi in sylva ‘coigue’ dicta. CHILE. VALDIVIA PROV.: Valdivia, San Antonio, 16-V-1998, S. Garnica 94 (TYPUS SG 94 TUB 011290).
Pileus 1.6–5 cm in diam, convex to plano-convex, becoming subumbonate in mature specimens, strongly glutinous when moist, yellowish brown to pale brown, hygrophanous, when dry becoming paler, margin translucently striate, becoming slightly undulate, splitting with age. Lamellae emarginate to adnate with decurrent teeth, unequal, close, narrow, with subfimbriate edges, yellowish brown. Stipe 5.3–6.5 cm long, 0.4–0.8 cm in diam above, base 0.6–1.1 cm in diam, bulbous in younger specimens, becoming clavate with age, dry, whitish with gray reflection. Cortina whitish, visible only in younger specimens. Context of pileus and stipe whitish brown. Reaction with 10% KOH dark brown on surface of pileus and stipe. Odor sweetish. Taste unknown. Basidiospores 9–11 x 4.5–5 µm, Q = 2, S = ±0.12 (n = 51), subfusiform, finely punctate, brown to yellowish brown. Under SEM basidiospores finely punctate, with ornaments uniformly distributed. Basidia 25–32 x 7–8 µm, 4-spored, cylindrical to clavate, hyaline, clamped, sterigmata 2–3 µm long. Basidioles 20–30 x 6–8 µm, hyaline, cylindrical to clavate, clamped. Cystidia absent. Subhymenium formed by narrow 2–3(–4) µm wide, hyaline, clamped and shortly branched hyphae. Hymenophoral trama regular, consisting of long, cylindrical to more or less short inflated, parallelly arranged, 4–20 µm wide, hyaline to yellowish brown cells with clamps; mediostratum of more or less short, inflated to cylindrical, long cells and lateral stratum of relatively thin cells. Gelatinous layer of pileus composed of 2–5 µm wide, hyaline, irregularly ascending, sometimes branched, clamped hyphae. Hyphae of the epicutis 7–15 µm wide, consisting of cylindrical to inflated, yellowish brown cells with clamps. Hyphae of hypocutis consisting of subradially to irregularly arranged, subglobose, ovoid to ellipsoid, 20–25(–30) µm wide cells with yellowish brown to reddish content. Hyphae of pileus context 5–25(–30) µm wide, consisting of cylindrical to subglobose, ovoid or ellipsoid, hyaline to yellowish brown cells. The pigments of the epicutis, hypocutis, context of the pileus and stipe become soluble in 3% KOH after some minutes. Oleiferous hyphae in the pileus 5–10 µm wide, hyaline or with refringent to brownish content, cylindrical to irregularly tortuous. Hyphae of stipe margin 3–5 µm wide, cylindrical, hyaline to pale yellowish brown, with clamps. Hyphae of stipe context 4–20 µm wide, cylindrical, sometimes subglobose, parallelly arranged, yellowish brown, with clamps. Oleiferous hyphae in the stipe 3–8(–10) µm wide, cylindrical to irregularly tortuous, hyaline or with refringent, yellowish brown to reddish content. Hyphae of the cortina 3–4 µm wide, hyaline, clamped.
Specimen examined. CHILE. VALDIVIA PROV.: Valdivia, San Antonio, 16-V-1998, S. Garnica 94 (TYPUS SG 94 TUB 011290).
Etymology. punctatus, Latin = dotted; referring to the ornamentation of the basidiospores.
Habitat. Solitary on red argillaceous soil in litter under Nothofagus dombeyi in ‘coigue’ forest.
Because of the strongly glutinous pileus and bulbous whitish stipe in younger basidiocarps we include C. punctatisporus in subgenus Phlegmacium, stirps Inflatipes. Related species may be C. albobrunneus Mos., C. tricholomoides Mos., and C. aurantiorufus (described above). Cortinarius albobrunneus is distinguishable from C. punctatisporus by its cheilocystidia; C. tricholomoides possesses a dry pileus and a stipe with ochre brown zones of the veil. Microscopically, C. punctatisporus can easily be distinguished from C. aurantiorufus by the subfusoid basidiospores. Additionally, the gelatinous layer on the pileus of C. punctatisporus is thicker. Macroscopically, C. punctatisporus differs from C. aurantiorufus by its yellowish brown to pale brown, translucently striate and under moist conditions strongly glutinous pileus, that becomes pale when dry. C. punctatisporus resembles to some degree C. hydrocephalus Mos. from section Myxotelamonia, subgenus Telamonia, a section that includes species with gray brown color on pileus and lamellae and a glutinous surface of the pileus (Moser and Horak 1975
). We have examined the type material of C. hydrocephalus IB 63/126; it differs microscopically from C. punctatisporus in the shape and ornamentation of the basidiospores and macroscopically in the shape of the stipe, and the color of pileus and lamellae.
Cortinarius rubrivelatus Garnica, sp. nov. Figs. 7–9 , 13, 14 , 18
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Pileus 0.7–4 cm latus, primo hemisphaericus, dein convexus, leviter depressus vel subumbonatus, postremo plano-convexus, viscidus in conditione humido, hygrophanus, disco obscure rufo, margine flavo-brunneo, involuto. Lamellae emarginatae vel adnatae, denticulo subdecurrentes, subdistantes, brunneae vel ferrugineae. Stipes 2.5–8 cm longus, apice 0.4–0.6 cm, basi 0.6–1.1 cm crassus, cylindricus, dein clavatus, siccus, minute squamulosus ad fibrillosus, albidus ad flavus, reliquiis veli rubris. Caro brunnea in statu humido. KOH ope pileus reactione rufo-ferruginea. Basidiosporae 11–12 x 5–6 µm, Q = 1.86, S = ±0.13, ellipsoideae vel amygdaliformes, verrucosae, brunneae ad flavo-brunneae. Basidia (25–)28–35 x 7–10 µm, tetrasporigera, cylindrica ad clavata. Septa hypharum fibulata. Cystidia nulla.
Habitat sub Nothofago dombeyi in sylva ‘coigue’ dicta. CHILE. VALDIVIA PROV.: Valdivia, San Antonio, 16-V-1998, S. Garnica 76 (TYPUS SG 76 TUB 011292).
Pileus 0.7–4 cm in diam, at first hemispherical, then convex, slightly depressed or subumbonate, finally plano-convex, viscid when moist, hygrophanous, disc dark brownish red (Caill T 13, R 15), towards margin yellowish brown, margin incurved. Lamellae emarginate to adnate with subdecurrent teeth, unequal, subdistant, narrow, with subfimbriate edges, brown to rust brown. Stipe 2.5–8 cm long, 0.4–0.6 cm in diam above, base 0.6–1.1 cm in diam, cylindrical to clavate, dry, hollow, surface whitish to yellowish in the base, with reddish, finely squamulose to fibrillose veil remnants. Context in pileus and stipe yellowish, in moist condition brownish. Reaction with 10% KOH brick-red on surface of pileus and stipe. Odor not distinctive. Taste unknown. Basidiospores 11–12 x 5–6 µm, Q = 1.86, S = ±0.13 (n = 51), ellipsoid to amygdaliform, slightly verrucose, yellow brown. Under SEM basidiospores with exosporial ornamentation forming irregular crests, uniformly distributed. Basidia (25–)28–35 x 7–10 µm, 4-spored, cylindrical to clavate, hyaline, clamped, sterigmata 2–3 µm long. Basidioles 19–30(–33) x 7–10 µm, hyaline or with brown pigmentation, cylindrical to clavate, with basal clamps. Cystidia absent. Subhymenium of narrow, 3–4 µm wide, hyaline, shortly branched and clamped hyphae. Hymenophoral trama regular, consisting of long, cylindrical to short inflated, parallelly arranged, 3–20 µm wide, hyaline to brownish cells with clamps; mediostratum of more or less short, inflated to cylindrical, long cells and lateral stratum of relatively thin cells. Hyphae of the veil on the pileus 4–12(–15) µm wide, cylindrical, reddish, clamped, immersed in a gelatinous layer. Hyphae of the epicutis 5–12 µm wide, consisting of cylindrical, yellowish brown cells with clamps. Hyphae of hypocutis consisting of subradially to irregularly arranged, subglobose, ovoid to ellipsoid, 20–30 µm wide, yellowish brown to reddish cells. Hyphae of pileus context 4–30 µm wide, consisting of cylindrical to subglobose, ovoid to ellipsoid, hyaline, yellowish brown to reddish cells with clamps. Hyphae of the veil on the stipe 4–12 µm wide, cylindrical, yellowish to reddish, with clamps. Hyphae of stipe margin 4–8(–10) µm wide, cylindrical, parallelly arranged, yellowish brown, with clamps. Hyphae of stipe context 4–15 µm wide, cylindrical, parallelly arranged, hyaline to pale yellowish brown, with clamps. The pigments of the epicutis, hypocutis, context of the pileus and stipe become soluble in 3% KOH after some minutes. Oleiferous hyphae in the pileus 4–6 µm wide, cylindrical, with refringent to reddish content; in stipe of 3–8(–10) µm wide, with refringent content, rarely branched.
Specimen examined. CHILE. VALDIVIA PROV.: Valdivia, San Antonio, 16-V-1998, S. Garnica 76 (TYPUS SG 76 TUB 011292).
Etymology. ruber, Latin = red; velum, Latin = veil; referring to the red remants of the veil on the stipe.
Habitat. Gregarious on red argillaceous soil in litter under Nothofagus dombeyi in ‘coigue’ forest.
Cortinarius rubrivelatus has a viscid, dark brownish red pileus with pale yellowish brown color toward the margin, and a whitish to yellowish, finely squamulose to fibrillose stipe with reddish remnants from the veil. According to these features, C. rubrivelatus is placed in subgenus Telamonia, stirps Brunneivelatus (Moser and Horak 1975
). Basidiospore size and the presence of a gelatinous layer on the pileus indicate that C. rubrivelatus may be related to C. limbatus Mos. However, it differs in the stipe and color of the pileus, size of the basidiocarps, and microscopically by the presence of cystidia in C. limbatus. The other three species (C. brunneivelatus Mos. & Hk., C. rufobrunneus Mos., and C. siccus Mos.) described for the stirps Brunneivelatus possess basidiospores less than 10.5 µm long and, with the exception of C. siccus, have larger basidiocarps.
Cortinarius parahumilis Garnica, sp. nov. Figs. 10–12 , 15
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Pileus 1.2–3.6 cm latus, primo hemisphaericus, dein convexus vel planus, disco subumbonato, viscidus in conditione humido, estriatus, hygrophanus, disco obscure rufo, margine flavo-aurantio. Lamellae emarginatae vel adnatae, denticulo subdecurrentes, subdistantes, brunneae vel ferrugineae. Stipes 1.5–4 cm longus, 0.3–0.6 cm crassus, cylindricus, siccus, albidus. Caro brunnea in statu humido. KOH ope pileus reactione obscure brunnea vel rufa. Basidiosporae 6–7 x 5–6 µm, Q = 1.35, S = ±0.09, subglobosae vel late ellipsoideae, minute verrucosae, brunneae ad flavo-brunneae. Basidia 28–35 x 7–8 µm, tetrasporigera, cylindrica ad clavata. Septa hypharum fibulata. Cystidia nulla.
Habitat sub Nothofago dombeyi in sylva ‘coigue’ dicta. CHILE. VALDIVIA PROV.: Valdivia, San Antonio, 10-V-1998, S. Garnica 62 (TYPUS SG 62 TUB 011293).
Pileus 1.2–3.6 cm in diam, hemispherical, then plano-convex to flat, center sometimes subumbonate, margin translucent-striate and entire to somewhat split with age, hygrophanous, viscid when moist, in younger specimens center bright dark reddish brown (Caill 20), towards the margin gradually more vividly yellowish orange, later yellow brown (Caill S 20, R 40). Lamellae emarginate to adnate with subdecurrent teeth, unequal, subdistant, broad, with subfimbriate edges, at first yellowish brown, later rusty brown. Stipe 1.5–4 x 0.3–0.6 cm, cylindrical, solid, dry, whitish with grey reflection. Cortina whitish, present only in younger specimens. Context of pileus brownish, context of stipe yellowish brown under moist conditions. Reaction with 10% KOH on surface of pileus black brown to reddish brown, on surface of stipe brown. Odor not distinctive. Taste unknown. Basidiospores 6–7 x 5–6 µm, Q = 1.35, S = ±0.09 (n = 51), subglobose to broadly elliptical, minutely verrucose, yellowish brown. Under SEM basidiospores finely verrucose with irregular, connected crests forming a reticulate ornamentation, reduced towards the apex. Basidia 28–35 x 7–8 µm, 4-spored, cylindrical to clavate, hyaline, clamped, sterigmata 3–4 µm long. Basidioles 23–32 x 7–8 µm, hyaline, cylindrical to clavate, with basal clamps. Cystidia absent. Subhymenium formed by narrow 2–4 µm wide, hyaline, shortly branched and clamped hyphae. Hymenophoral trama regular, consisting of long, cylindrical to inflated and parallelly arranged, 4–20 µm wide, hyaline to yellowish brown cells with clamps; mediostratum of more or less short, inflated to cylindrical, long cells and lateral stratum of relatively thin cells. Hyphae of the veil on the pileus 4–7(–8) µm wide, cylindrical, hyaline, clamped. Hyphae of the epicutis 7–12 µm wide, consisting of cylindrical, parallelly arranged, hyaline to slightly brownish cells with clamps. Hyphae of hypocutis consisting of subradially to irregularly arranged, subglobose, ovoid to ellipsoid, 20–30 µm wide, hyaline to yellowish brown cells with clamps. Hyphae of pileus context 4–25 µm wide, consisting of cylindrical to subglobose, ovoid to ellipsoid, hyaline to yellowish brown cells with clamps. Hyphae of stipe margin 3–8 µm wide, cylindrical, parallelly arranged, hyaline, clamped. Hyphae of stipe context 3–12 µm wide, cylindrical, parallelly arranged, hyaline to sligthly yellowish brown, poorly branched, clamped. Hyphae of the cortina 3–5 µm wide, hyaline to slightly brownish, clamped.
Specimen examined. CHILE. VALDIVIA PROV.: Valdivia, San Antonio, 10-V-1998, S. Garnica 62 (TYPUS SG 62 TUB 011293).
Etymology. para-, Greek suffix = close by: the viscid pileus resembles that of C. humilis.
Habitat. Gregarious on red argillaceous soil in litter under Nothofagus dombeyi in ‘coigue’ forest.
Cortinarius parahumilis belongs to the subgenus Telamonia, section Tenuiores, stirps Scabrisporus (Moser and Horak 1975
). The stirps Scabrisporus includes small, hygrophanous, brown species with coarsely verrucose, ellipsoid to subglobose basidiospores. Three species have been described in this stirps, differentiated from C. parahumilis by the size of the basidiospores. Moreover, basidiospores of C. scabrisporus Mos. are coarsely verrucose, C. margaritisporus Mos. has white remnants of the veil on the margin of the pileus, and C. humilis Mos. has very small fruitbodies and a pale brown stipe. The presence of a viscid pileus indicates that C. parahumilis may be related to C. humilis.
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS |
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FOOTNOTES |
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Accepted for publication June 28, 2001.
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LITERATURE CITED |
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TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONMATERIALS AND METHODSTAXONOMYLITERATURE CITED |
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Garrido N., 1988 Agaricales s.l. und ihre Mykorrhizen in den Nothofagus-Wäldern Mittelchiles Biblioth Mycol 120:1-528
Greuter W, McNeill J, Barrie FR, Burdet HM, Demoulin V, Filgueiras TS, Nicolson DH, Silva PC, Skog JE, Trehane P, Turland NJ, Hawksworth DL, eds 2000 International code of botanical nomenclature Königstein, Germany: Koeltz. 474 p
Horak E., 1980 Fungi, Basidiomycetes. Agaricales y Gasteromycetes secotioides. Fl. Criptog Tierra del Fuego, Buenos Aires, Argentina 11:1-524
Moser M, Horak E., 1975 Cortinarius Fr. und nahe verwandte Gattungen in Südamerika Beih Nova Hedwigia 52:1-628
Singer R, Moser M., 1965 Forest mycology and forest communities in South America Mycopath et Mycol Appl 26: (2–3) 129-191
Spegazzini C., 1887a Fungi patagonici Bol Ac Nac Ciencias de Cordoba 11:5-64
Spegazzini C., 1887b Fungi fuegiani Bol Ac Nac Ciencias de Cordoba 11:135-308
Valenzuela E, Esteve-Raventós F., 1994 Cortinarius horakii, a new species from Chile Mycol Res 98:973-938
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