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Unitat de Microbiologia, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, 43201 Reus and Institut d'Estudis Avançats, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
Ángel Mercado-Sierra
Instituto de Ecología y Sistemática, Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología y Medio Ambiente (CITMA). A. P. 8029, Ciudad de La Habana 10800, Cuba
Rafael F. Castañeda-Ruíz
Instituto de Investigaciones Fundamentales en Agricultura Tropical "Alejandro de Humboldt" (INIFAT) calle 1, esq. 2, Santiago de Las Vegas, Ciudad de La Habana, Cuba, C. P. 17200
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ABSTRACT |
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Phaeobotrys gen. nov., based on Phaeodactylium acutisporum, characterized by branched and pigmented conidiophores, and the production of hyaline, appendiculate conidia from denticles on polyblastic conidiogenous cells which usually extend sympodially to form more conidiogenous loci, and Zanclospora stellata sp. nov., recognized by its stellate sterile branches in the distal part of the conidiophore and bacilliform conidia, are described and illustrated from decaying leaf litter from Nigeria. Keys to Phaeobotrys and related genera, and to species of Zanclospora are proposed. Furthermore, a list of hyphomycetes newly reported for Nigeria is provided.
Key words: litter, Phaeobotrys, Phaeodactylium, systematics, tropical fungi, Zanclospora
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INTRODUCTION |
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TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONTAXONOMYLITERATURE CITED |
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). During a short expedition to Nigerian rain forests from May to June 1997, a variety of plant debris was collected in the states of Anambra and Cross River. These comprise an area below 300 m altitude, known as the south-eastern lowlands. They are dominated by a tropical hinterland and a southern subequatorial climate, respectively. Both have annual average temperature of 20–28 C, and of 
18 C in the coldest month. The total annual rainfall is 1700 mm in Anambra and 2000 mm in Cross River. The relative humidity is 70–90% in both states. The material collected was incubated in the laboratory in moist chambers at room temperature. A significant number of hyphomycetes was recovered, some of them being new records for Nigeria. Among them were two new taxa. One has been identified as a species of Zanclospora S. Hughes & W. B. Kendr. (Hughes and Kendrick 1965
) by its setiform conidiophores, monophialidic conidiogenous cells in groups on the conidiophore stalk, and hyaline conidia in slimy heads. The present species does not match any described member of this genus and is therefore proposed as new. The morphological features of the other fungus are identical to those of Phaeodactylium acutisporum Matsush. (Matsushima 1993
), although in our opinion the presence of branched and pigmented conidiophores, and terminal or intercalary conidiogenous cells with denticles forming distinct clusters and appendiculate conidia, are not typical of this genus. As no genus of hyphomycetes combines these characters, we propose a new one. Colony descriptions on different culture media are given only for the new taxa, with color notations in parentheses from Kornerup and Wanscher (1984)
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TAXONOMY |
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Pertinens ad fungos conidiales, hyphomycetes. Coloniae effusae, pilosae, pallide coloratae. Conidiophora mononematosa, macronematosa, erecta vel repentia, ramosa, septata, ad basim pallide brunnea vel brunnea et crassitunicata; ramis subhyalinis vel hyalinis et tenuitunicatis, rectis vel geniculatis, saepe proliferantia, cum diversus additivus locis conidiogenis ferentia. Cellulae conidiogenae polyblasticae, integratae, terminales et intercalares, plerumque inflatae, hyalinae, denticulatae. Conidia blastica, terminalia vel lateralia, sicca, fusiformia, apicem cum appendice integrate, 0–1-septata, hyalina, laevia et tenuitunicata. Teleomorphosis absentia.
Species typica: Phaeobotrys acutisporum, comb. nov.
Conidial fungi, hyphomycetes. Colonies effuse, hairy, pale-cream colored. Conidiophores mononematous, macronematous, erect or repent, branched, septate, pale brown to brown, thick-walled towards the base; branches subhyaline to hyaline, thin-walled, straight or geniculate, often extending to form additional conidiogenous loci producing clusters of conidia which develop asynchronously. Conidiogenous cells polyblastic, integrated, terminal and intercalary, usually swollen, hyaline, denticulate. Conidia blastic, terminal or lateral, dry, fusiform, with an integrated, thin appendage at the apex, 0–1-septate, hyaline, smooth- and thin-walled. Teleomorph unknown.
Phaeobotrys acutisporum (Matsush.) Calduch, Gené et Guarro, comb. nov. Figs. 1 , 2
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Phaeodactylium acutisporum Matsush., Matsushima Mycological Memoirs 7: 59. 1993. Colonies on the natural substrate pale-cream colored. Mycelium superficial and immersed. Conidiophores erect when young, becoming repent when mature, straight or flexuous, repeatedly branched, of indeterminate length, smooth-walled, pale to mid brown, 2.5–3 µm wide toward the base; branches up to 2 µm wide. Conidiogenous cells 1.5–2.5 µm wide, hyaline, with short, conico-truncate denticles up to 1 µm long. Conidia fusiform, occasionally slightly curved, with a 0.5–1.5 µm long appendage, narrowly truncate at the base, 0–1-septate, 5–11 µm long (excluding the appendage), 1.5–2.5 µm wide, smooth- and thin-walled. Teleomorph unknown.
Specimens examined. NIGERIA. ANAMBRA STATE: Enugu, Nsukka, Akpu-ugoEze Forest, Uzo-Uwani. From unidentified dead fallen leaves, 30 May 1997, M. Calduch, J. Guarro and A. M. Stchigel. Living cultures: IMI 380445, CBS 101302, FMR 6483.
Etymology. From the Greek phaeo- and -botrys, referring to the conidiophore pigmentation and conidial arrangement.
Known distribution. Nigeria and Peru.
Habitat. Saprobic on plant debris.
Colonies on potato carrot agar (PCA) at 25 C attaining a diam of 32–38 mm in 14 d, felty to powdery, orange white (M. 5A2) becoming greyish orange (M. 5B3), margin with submerged mycelium, diffuse, slightly radiate; exudate pale brown to cinnamon; reverse deep to dark green (M. 28O8 to M. 28F8) at the center, greyish orange (M. 5B3) toward the periphery. The morphology of the conidiophores is similar to that observed on the natural substrate; however that of the conidia varies considerably. These are 0–3-septate, mostly slightly curved, 5–30 µm long (excluding the appendage), 2–4 µm wide, with an apical appendage 0.5–6 µm long. Colonies on corn meal agar (CMA) growing more rapidly, reaching a diam of 45–50 mm in 14 d, flat, felty to powdery, orange white (M. 5A2) becoming greyish orange (M. 5B3), margin diffuse, slightly radiate, submerged; exudate subhyaline; reverse greyish orange (M. 5B3), with small areas turquoise green (M. 5B8 to M. 5D8) or deep green (M. 258E). The conidial morphology is the same as on PCA. It is worth mentioning that on any culture media assayed our isolate produces larger conidia (up to 30 µm long) and with more septa (up to 3) than those observed on the natural substrate. The conidial features of Matsushima's isolate on CMA are very similar to those of FMR 6483 on the natural substrate.
The only other recorded isolate of Phaeodactylium acutisporum was obtained by Matsush. (Matsushima 1993
) from a putrescent fruit of Piptadenia sp. collected in Tambopata, Peru. It was described only in pure culture (CMA and PDA). A detailed examination of the main characters of this species reveals that it is remarkably different from the other two species of Phaeodactylium Agnihothr. (Agnihothrudu 1968
), P. alpiniae (Sawada) M. B. Ellis (Ellis 1976
) and P. curvularioides Matsush. (Matsushima 1980
). As no extant anamorph genus combines the characteristics observed in P. acutisporum, the new genus Phaeobotrys is proposed. The diagnostic features of the genus are: erect, later repent conidiophores; terminal or intercalary, polyblastic, usually swollen, hyaline and denticulate conidiogenous cells; and hyaline, 0–1-septate, blastic conidia with an integrated apical appendage, usually arranged in clusters along the conidiophore. Because of the developmental pattern of its conidiophores and conidia, Phaeobotrys resembles the Dactylaria complex (de Hoog 1985
) as well as Arthrobotrys Corda (Oorschot 1985
) and Phaeodactylium. However, with the exception of Dactylaria, none of these genera have members with appendiculate conidia. Dactylaria appendiculata Cazau, Aramb. & Cabello (Cazau et al 1990
) and D. argentina Aramb., Cabello & Mengasc. (Arambarri et al 1987
) also have conidia with an appendage, but their conidiophores are erect, usually unbranched, and the conidia do not form clusters along the conidiophore. The relevant morphological features to distinguish the above-mentioned genera are included in the following key.
Diagnostic key to Arthrobotrys, Dactylaria, Phaeobotrys and Phaeodactylium:
1. Conidiogenous cells with denticles in distinct terminal and intercalary clusters . . . . . 2
1. Conidiogenous cells scattered or rachidic . . . . . 3
2. Conidiophores hyaline, usually unbranched and erect; conidia ellipsoidal or clavate and not appendiculate . . . . . Arthrobotrys
2. Conidiophores pigmented, repeatedly branched and repent; conidia appendiculate . . . . . Phaeobotrys
3. Conidiophores mostly unbranched, non-septate or septate; conidiogenous cells polyblastic often rachidic; conidia unicellular or septate . . . . . Dactylaria
3. Conidiophores dichotomously or trichotomously branched, septate; conidiogenous cells mono- or polyblastic usually with scattered denticles; conidia always 3-septate . . . . . Phaeodactylium
Zanclospora stellata Calduch, Gené et Guarro, anam. sp. nov. Figs. 3 , 4
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Pertinens ad fungos conidiales, hyphomycetes. Coloniae in substrato naturali sparsae, muco-pilosae, atrobrunneae. Mycelium plerumque in substrato immersum. Conidiophora, singula vel aggregata, erecta, recta, laevia, inflata et brunnea ad basim, cum pallide brunnea zona fecunda in partim media, et atrobrunnea ad apicem, 105–157 µm longa, 5–5.5 µm crassa ad basim, setiramosa, stellata, sterilia supra. Zona fecunda 6–11-septata, 20–48 x 6–8 µm (cellulae conidiogenae exclusae), cum (6–)8–10(–11) seriebus cellulis infra septo in verticillo dispositae. Rami sterili in numero 3–6, 20–35 µm longi, 4–7.5 µm lati ad basim bulbosi, subacerosi, atrobrunnei, levi, crassitunicati. Cellulae conidiogenae ampulliformes vel lageniformes, 6–7.5 x 2.5–3.5 µm, subhyalinae, laeves, parietibus tenuibus. Conidia in massam mucosam, unicellularia, hyalina, laevia, tenuitunicata, bacilliformia vel allantoidea, inaequilateralia, cum processa excentrica inflata ad basim, et plus minusve rotunda ad apicem, 2–3.5 x 0.5–1.5 µm.
Conidial fungi, hyphomycetes. Colonies on the natural substrate sparse, slimy and hairy, blackish. Mycelium mostly immersed. Conidiophores mononematous, macronematous, arising singly or in small groups, erect, straight, swollen at the base, smooth-walled, brown towards the base, with a pale brown fertile region in the middle part, and dark brown at the apex, 105–157 µm long, 5–5.5 µm wide at the base, setiform, stellate and sterile at the apex. Fertile region with 6–11 close transverse septa, 20–48 µm long, 6–8 µm wide in the broadest part (excluding the conidiogenous cells), with (6–)8–10(–11) series of conidiogenous cells arranged in appressed whorls, arising just below septa. Sterile setose branches in groups of 3–6, appearing stellate in top view, arranged distally in one or two levels, individual branches 20–35 µm long, with a 4–7.5 µm wide bulbous base, bluntly pointed at the apex, dark brown, smooth- and thick-walled. Conidiogenous cells monophialidic, determinate, discrete, ampulliform or lageniform, 6–7.5 x 2.5–3.5 µm, subhyaline, smooth- and thin-walled. Conidia accumulating in slimy masses around the conidiophore, one-celled, hyaline, smooth- and thin-walled, bacilliform to allantoid, with a conspicuous excentric inflated scar at the base and a rounded apex, 2–3.5 x 0.5–1.5 µm.
Specimens examined. NIGERIA. CROSS RIVER STATE: Mammo Forest. From unidentified dead fallen leaves, 2 Jun 1997, M. Calduch, J. Guarro and A. M. Stchigel, (HOLOTYPE: IMI 380444, ISOTYPE: FMR 6481). Cultures ex type: CBS 101301, FMR 6481.
Etymology. From the Latin stellata, referred to stellate arrangement of the conidiophore setae in top view.
Known distribution. Nigeria.
Habitat. Saprobic on plant debris.
Colonies on PCA at room temperature growing slowly, attaining a diam of 13–16 mm in 21 d, rugose, felty, dark green (M. 30F4 to M. 30F5), irregularly folded, margin diffuse, with submerged mycelium; reverse dark green (M. 30F4 to M. 30F5). Colonies on V8 agar at room temperature attaining a diam of 14–19 mm in 21 d, raised, membranous to felty, dark green (M. 30F4 to M. 30F8), irregularly folded, margin fimbriate, with submerged mycelium; reverse dark green (M. 30F4 to M. 30F8) to black.
The genus Zanclospora was established by Hughes and Kendrick (1965)
for two species, Z. novae-zelandiae S. Hughes & W. B. Kendr., the type species, and Z. brevispora S. Hughes & W. B. Kendr., both described from dead wood and bark of different trees in New Zealand. It is distinguished by its setiform conidiophores, monophialidic, ampulliform or lageniform conidiogenous cells arranged usually in whorls on the conidiophore stalk, and hyaline, aseptate and smooth-walled conidia in slimy heads. More recently another three species and a variety have been added, i.e., Z. indica Subram. & Vittal (Subramanian and Vittal 1973
) on fallen leaves of Gymnosporia emarginata Thw. in India, Z. austroamericana B. Sutton & Hodges (Sutton and Hodges 1975
) on fallen leaves of Eucalyptus propinqua Deane & Maiden in Brazil, Z. mystica Zucconi & Rambelli (Zucconi and Rambelli 1982
) on unidentified fallen leaves in Ivory Coast and Z. brevispora var. transvaalensis Morgan-Jones, R. C. Sinclair & Eicker (Morgan-Jones et al 1992
) on unidentified dead wood in South Africa. Zanclospora indica is characterized by its divergent conidiogenous cells, and, quite often, by the production of percurrent secondary phialides. Zanclospora austroamericana presents two fertile regions, one subapical and the other one near the middle part of the conidiophore. Zanclospora mystica, the most similar to Z. stellata, is characterized by the presence of short sterile branches which arise from the fertile region of the conidiophore, and Z. brevispora var. transvaalensis differs from Z. brevispora var. brevispora by bearing fewer conidiogenous cells and cylindrical and larger conidia (8–10 x 2.5 µm).
Key to species of Zanclospora:
1. Conidiophores with short, sterile branches . . . . . 2
1. Conidiophores without sterile branches . . . . . 3
2. Conidia bacilliform, 2–3.5 x 0.5–1.5 µm; setose conidiophore branches in groups of 3–6, adopting a stellate arrangement, arising above the fertile region, and arranged distally in one or two levels . . . . . Z. stellata
2. Conidia falcate, 12.5–16.5 x 1.5–2.5 µm; conidiophore branches non-stellate, arising from the fertile region in groups of 4–12 . . . . . Z. mystica
3. Phialides divergent from the conidiophore stalk; conidia bacilliform to allantoid, 6–8 x 0.5–1 µm . . . . . Z. indica
3. Phialides appressed to the conidiophore stalk; conidia wider than 1 µm . . . . . 4
4. Conidia falcate . . . . . 5
4. Conidia non-falcate . . . . . 6
5. Conidia 18–35 x 1.6–2.6 µm . . . . . Z. novae-zelandiae
5. Conidia 12–19 x 2–3 µm . . . . . Z. austroamericana
6. Conidia narrowly obovoid, curved, 5.4–8 x 1.4–2 µm . . . . . Z. brevispora var. brevispora
6. Conidia cylindrical to slightly curved, 8–10 x 2.5 µm . . . . . Z. brevispora var. transvaalensis
Additional records of hyphomycetes from Nigeria
Acrodictys balladynae (Hansf.) M. B. Ellis, Dematiaceous Hyphomycetes, p. 129. 1971.
Specimen examined. NIGERIA. ANAMBRA STATE: Nsukka, Ibagwa-Aka Forest. On unidentified dead wood, 30 May 1997. Living cultures: FMR 6520.
Beltraniella clara Onofri, Mycotaxon 17: 242. 1983.
Specimen examined. NIGERIA. ANAMBRA STATE: Enugu, Ihenyi Eha Amufu, Isi-uzo Forest. On unidentified dead fallen leaves, 26 May 1997. Living cultures: FMR 6521.
Corynespora elaeidicola M. B. Ellis, Dematiaceous Hyphomycetes, p. 129. 1971.
Specimen examined. NIGERIA. ANAMBRA STATE: Nsukka, Uzo-Uwani, Akpu-ugoEze Forest. On unidentified dead fallen leaves, 25 May 1997. Living cultures: FMR 6523.
Dactylaria obtriangularia Matsush., Icones Microfungorum a Matsushima Lectorum, p. 51. 1975.
Specimen examined. NIGERIA. ANAMBRA STATE: Nsukka, Uzo-Uwani, Akpu-ugoEze Forest. On unidentified dead fallen leaves, 25 May 1997. Living cultures: FMR 6524.
Dictyochaeta gonytrichoides Morgan-Jones, Mycotaxon 4: 166. 1976.
Specimen examined. NIGERIA. CROSS RIVER STATE: Mammo Forest. On unidentified dead fallen leaves, 1 Jun 1997. Living cultures: FMR 6526.
Dictyosporium heptasporum (Garov.) Damon, Lloydia 15: 118. 1985.
Specimen examined. NIGERIA. ANAMBRA STATE: Enugu, Ihenyi Eha Amufu, Isi-uzo Forest. On unidentified dead bark, 26 May 1997. Living cultures: FMR 6527.
Endophragmiella biconstituta (Rambelli) Matsush., Matsushima Mycological Memoirs 6: 17. 1989.
Specimen examined. NIGERIA. ANAMBRA STATE: Nsukka, Nsukka University Campus. On unidentified dead branches, 28 May 1997. Living cultures: FMR 6528.
Exosporium pterocarpi M. B. Ellis, Dematiaceous Hyphomycetes, p. 403. 1971.
Specimen examined. NIGERIA. ANAMBRA STATE: Enugu, Nike Loch Resort Gardens. On unidentified dead fallen leaves, 27 May 1997. Living cultures: FMR 6529.
Hemibeltrania laxa G. R. W. Arnold & R. F. Castañeda, Revista del Jardín Botánico Nacional, La Habana, Cuba 6: 54. 1985.
Specimen examined. NIGERIA. ANAMBRA STATE: Nsukka, Uzo-Uwani, Akpu-ugoEze Forest. On unidentified dead fallen leaves, 25 May 1997. Living cultures: FMR 6534.
Hyphodiscosia jaipurensis Lodha & K. R. C. Reddy, Transactions of the British Mycological Society 62: 418. 1974.
Specimen examined. NIGERIA. ANAMBRA STATE: Nsukka, Iheakpu-Awka Forest. On unidentified dead wood, 25 May 1997. Living cultures: FMR 6536.
Idriella rara R. F. Castañeda, Deuteromycotina de Cuba: Hyphomycetes II (Cuba): 6. 1985.
Specimen examined. NIGERIA. ANAMBRA STATE: Nsukka, Nsukka University Campus. On unidentified dead fallen leaves, 28 May 1997. Living cultures: FMR 6537.
Intercalarispora nigra Schokn. & J. L. Crane, Canadian Journal of Botany 61: 2243. 1983.
Specimen examined. NIGERIA. ANAMBRA STATE: Nsukka, Nsukka University Campus. On unidentified dead wood, 27 May 1997. Living cultures: FMR 6538.
Kionochaeta pughii Kuthub. & Nawawi, Transactions of the British Mycological Society 90: 437. 1988.
Specimen examined. NIGERIA. CROSS RIVER STATE: Mammo Forest. On unidentified dead fallen leaves, 1 Jun 1997. Living cultures: FMR 6539.
Menisporopsis pirozynski Varghese & D. Rao, Botany Notes 131: 215. 1978.
Specimen examined. NIGERIA. ANAMBRA STATE: Nsukka, Iheakpu-Awka Forest. On unidentified dead fallen leaves, 25 May 1997. Living cultures: FMR 6292.
Myrothecium setiramosum R. F. Castañeda, Deuteromycotina de Cuba. Hyphomycetes IV: 6. 1986.
Specimen examined. NIGERIA. ANAMBRA STATE: Enugu, Ihenyi Eha Amufu, Isi-uzo Forest. On unidentified dead fallen leaves, 26 May 1997. Living cultures: FMR 6542.
Parasympodiella laxa Ponnappa, Transactions of the British Mycological Society 64: 344. 1975.
Specimen examined. NIGERIA. ANAMBRA STATE: Nsukka, Uzo-Uwani, Akpu-ugoEze Forest. On graminicolous dead fallen leaves, 25 May 1997. Living cultures: FMR 6543.
Periconia lateralis M. B. Ellis & Everh., Journal of Mycology 2: 104. 1886.
Specimen examined. NIGERIA. ANAMBRA STATE: Nsukka, Nsukka University Campus. On unidentified dead fallen leaves, 28 May 1997. Living cultures: FMR 6544.
Rogergoosiella roystoneicola R. Hern. & J. Mena, Mycological Research 100: 1483. 1996.
Specimen examined. NIGERIA. ANAMBRA STATE: Enugu, Ihenyi Eha Amufu, Isi-uzo Forest. On unidentified dead fallen leaves, 26 May 1997. Living cultures: FMR 6545.
Sporidesmiella hyalosperma (Corda) P. M. Kirk var. hyalosperma, Transactions of the British Mycological Society 79: 481. 1982.
Specimen examined. NIGERIA. ANAMBRA STATE: Nsukka, Nsukka University Campus. On unidentified dead fallen leaves, 30 May 1997. Living cultures: FMR 6548.
Thozetella havanensis R. F. Castañeda, Revista del Jardín Botánico Nacional, La Habana, Cuba 5: 1. 1984.
Specimen examined. NIGERIA. ANAMBRA STATE: Nsukka, Uzo-Uwani, Akpu-ugoEze Forest. On unidentified dead fallen leaves, 25 May 1997. Living cultures: FMR 6551.
Trimmatostroma cordae N. D. Sharma & S. R. Singh, Current Science 45: 302. 1976.
Specimen examined. NIGERIA. ANAMBRA STATE: Nsukka, Nsukka University Campus. On unidentified dead fallen leaves, 27 May 1997. Living cultures: FMR 6552.
Vermiculariopsiella immersa Nawawi, Kuthub. & B. Sutton, Mycotaxon 37: 173. 1990.
Specimen examined. NIGERIA. ANAMBRA STATE: Nsukka, Nsukka University Campus. On unidentified dead fallen leaves, 1 Jun 1997. Living cultures: FMR 6553.
Wiesneriomyces laurinus (Tassi) P. M. Kirk, Transactions of the British Mycological Society 82: 748. 1984.
Specimen examined. NIGERIA. ANAMBRA STATE: Nsukka, Nsukka University Campus. On unidentified dead fallen leaves, 1 Jun 1997. Living cultures: FMR 6554.
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS |
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FOOTNOTES |
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Accepted for publication June 28, 2001.
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LITERATURE CITED |
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TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONTAXONOMYLITERATURE CITED |
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Arambarri AM, Cabello MN, Mengascini AS., 1987 New Hyphomycetes from Santiago River. II. (Buenos Aires, Argentina) Mycotaxon 30:263-267
Cazau C, Arambarri AM, Cabello MN., 1990 New Hyphomycetes from Santiago River. IV. (Buenos Aires Province, Argentina) Mycotaxon 38:21-25
De Hoog GS, ed 1985 Taxonomy of the Dactylaria complex, IV–VI Stud Mycol 26:1-122
Ellis MB., 1971 Dematiaceous Hyphomycetes Kew, England: Commonwealth Mycological Institute. 608 p
Ellis MB., 1976 More Dematiaceous Hyphomycetes Kew, England: Commonwealth Mycological Institute. 507 p
Hughes SJ, Kendrick WB., 1965 New Zealand Fungi 4. Zanclospora gen. nov N Z J Bot 3:151-158
Kornerup A, Wanscher JH., 1984 Methuen handbook of colour. 3rd ed London: Eyre Methuen. 252 p
Matsushima T., 1980 Matsushima Mycological Memoirs Published by the author 1:1-82
Matsushima T., 1993 Matsushima Mycological Memoirs Published by the author 7:1-206
Morgan-Jones G, Sinclair RC, Eicker A., 1992 Dematiaceous hyphomycetes from South Africa. II. Some phialidic species, including Chalara transkeiensis and Zanclospora brevispora var. transvaalensis, two new taxa South Afr J Bot 58:147-154
Oorschot CAN van., 1985 A review of Arthrobotrys and allied genera Stud Mycol 26:61-96
Subramanian CV, Vittal BPR., 1973 Three new Hyphomycetes from litter Can J Bot 51:1127-1132
Sutton BC, Hodges CS Jr., 1975 Eucalyptus microfungi: Codinaea and Zanclospora species from Brazil Nova Hedwigia 26:517-525
Zucconi L, Rambelli A., 1982 Una nuova specie di Zanclospora dalla lettiera del Parco Nazionale di Tai Mic Ital 11:51-52
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