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Molecular phylogenetics of the gomphoid-phalloid fungi with an establishment of the new subclass Phallomycetidae and two new orders

     Department of Botany, The Field Museum, 1400 S. Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, Illinois 60605-2496

Scott T. Bates

     School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-4501

Ross E. Beever

     Landcare Research, Private Bag 92170, Auckland, New Zealand

Michael A. Castellano

     United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Forestry Sciences Laboratory, Corvallis, Oregon 97331

Wesley Colgan, III

     ADInstruments, 2205 Executive Circle, Colorado Springs, Colorado 80906

Laura S. Domínguez
Eduardo R. Nouhra

     Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biologia Vegetal, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Casilla de Correo 495, 5000, Córdoba, Argentina

József Geml

     Institute of Arctic Biology, 311 Irving I Building, 902 N. Koyukuk Drive, University of Alaska at Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska 99775-7000

Admir J. Giachini

     SBW do Brasil Agrifloricultura Ltda., Rodovia SP 107, Km 32, Holambra, SP 13825-000, Brazil

S. Ray Kenney

     National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, Maryland 20892

Nicholas B. Simpson

     Ackert Hall 421, Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506

Joseph W. Spatafora

     Department of Botany & Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331

James M. Trappe

     Department of Forest Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331

Molecular phylogenetic analyses for the gomphoid-phalloid fungi were conducted based on the five gene dataset with extensive taxon sampling. The monophyly of the gomphoid-phalloid clade was strongly supported, and four well supported major subclades were recognized. Three of the four sub-clades were represented entirely by gastroid taxa, and only Gomphales contained both gastroid and non-gastroid taxa. While the gastroid morphology is derived from epigeous, nongastroid taxa in Gomphales, the topology of Phallales indicated that truffle-like form is an ancestral morphology of the stinkhorn fruiting bodies. Although basidiospore maturation occurs within the enclosed fruiting bodies of the stinkhorn, the elevation of the mature spore-producing tissue represents an independent origin of the stipe among Basidiomycota. Comparisons are made between previous and new classification schemes, which are based on the results of phylogenetic analyses. Based on the results of these analyses, a new subclass Phallomycetidae, and two new orders, Hysterangiales and Geastrales, are proposed.

Key words: atp6, EF-1, homobasidiomycetes, rDNA, RPB2, systematics

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