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Department of Natural History, Royal Ontario Museum, and Department of Botany, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 2C6 Canada
R. Henrik Nilsson
Göteborg University, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Box 461, 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
Brenda Koster
Department of Botany, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3B2 Canada
Susie M. Dunham
Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, 2082 Cordley Hall, Corvallis, Oregon 97331
Torsten Bernauer
Universität Kassel, FB 18 Naturwissenschaften, FG Ökologie, Heinrich-Plett-Straße 40, DE-34132, Kassel, Germany
P. Brandon Matheny
Biology Department, Clark University, 950 Main Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01610
Teresita M. Porter
Department of Botany, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3B2 Canada
Simona Margaritescu
Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 2C6, Canada
Michael Weiß
Sigisfredo Garnica
Spezielle Botanik und Mykologie, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 1, D-72076, Tübingen, Germany
Eric Danell
Museum of Evolution, Botany Section, Uppsala University, Norbyv. 16, SE-75236, Uppsala, Sweden
Gitta Langer
Ewald Langer
Universität Kassel, FB 18 Naturwissenschaften, FG Ökologie, Heinrich-Plett-Straße 40, DE-34132, Kassel, Germany
Ellen Larsson
Karl-Henrik Larsson
Göteborg University, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Box 461, SE-40530, Göteborg, Sweden
Rytas Vilgalys
Department of Biology, Box 90338, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708
We reassessed the circumscription of the cantharelloid clade and identified monophyletic groups by using nLSU, nSSU, mtSSU and RPB2 sequence data. Results agreed with earlier studies that placed the genera Cantharellus, Craterellus, Hydnum, Clavulina, Membranomyces, Multiclavula, Sistotrema, Botryobasidium and the family Ceratobasidiaceae in that clade. Phylogenetic analyses support monophyly of all genera except Sistotrema, which was highly polyphyletic. Strongly supported monophyletic groups were: (i) Cantharellus-Craterellus, Hydnum, and the Sistotrema confluens group; (ii) Clavulina-Membranomyces and the S. brinkmannii-oblongisporum group, with Multiclavula being possibly sister of that clade; (iii) the Sistotrema eximum-octosporum group; (iv) Sistotrema adnatum and S. coronilla. Positions of Sistotrema raduloides and S. athelioides were unresolved, as were basal relationships. Botryobasidium was well supported as the sister taxon of all the above taxa, while Ceratobasidiaceae was the most basal lineage. The relationship between Tulasnella and members of the cantharelloid clade will require further scrutiny, although there is cumulative evidence that they are probably sister groups. The rates of molecular evolution of both the large and small nuclear ribosomal RNA genes (nuc-rDNA) are much higher in Cantharellus, Craterellus and Tulasnella than in the other cantharelloid taxa, and analyses of nuc-rDNA sequences strongly placed Tulasnella close to Cantharellus-Craterellus. In contrast analyses with RPB2 and mtSSU sequences placed Tulasnella at the base of the cantharelloid clade. Our attempt to reconstruct a "supertree" from tree topologies resulting from separate analyses that avoided phylogenetic reconstruction problems associated with missing data and/or unalignable sequences proved unsuccessful.
Key words: Basidiomycota, Fungi, mtSSU, nLSU, nSSU, phylogeny, RPB2
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