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Genotypic variation in Penicillium chysogenum from indoor environments

     Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 1R4; and Sporometrics Inc., 219 Dufferin St., Suite G20C, Toronto, Ontario, M6K 1Y9

Wendy A. Untereiner

     Botany Department, Brandon University, Brandon, Manitoba, R7A 6A9

Bess Wong
Neil A. Straus
David Malloch

     Department of Botany, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3B2

We examined 198 isolates of P. chysogenum recovered from 109 houses in Wallaceburg, Ontario, and 25 culture collection isolates including seven ex-type strains. Multilocus genotypes were determined by heteroduplex mobility assay of regions spanning introns in acetyl co-enzyme A synthase, beta-tubulin, thioredoxin reductase and the internal transcribed spacer regions of the nuclear ribosomal subrepeat. Five unique multilocus haplotypes were revealed without evidence of recombination, indicating strictly clonal population structures. Phylogenetic analysis of allele sequences using maximum parsimony resolved three strongly supported lineages. The dominant clade included more than 90% of house isolates in addition to the notable laboratory contaminant isolated by Alexander Fleming in 1929 in Britain. A second clade contained more than 5% of house isolates clustered with the ex-type strains of P. chysogenum and P. notatum. Follow-up sampling of outdoor air in the locality failed to reveal P. chysogenum, confirming the rarity of this fungus in outdoor air.

Key words: DNA sequence analysis, dust biology, fungal population genetics, heteroduplex mobility assay, indoor air quality, indoor molds

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