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Amatoxins in wood-rotting Galerina marginata

     Laboratoire de Botanique, Phytochimie et Mycologie, Faculté de Pharmacie, B.P. 14491, 15 avenue Charles Flahault, 34093 Montpellier cedex 5, France

Geneviéve Cassanas

     Laboratoire de Physique industrielle-Traitement de l’information, Faculté de Pharmacie, B.P. 14491, 15 avenue Charles Flahault, 34093 Montpellier cedex 5, France

Sylvie Rapior

     Laboratoire de Botanique, Phytochimie et Mycologie, UMR 5175, Faculté de Pharmacie, B.P. 14491, 15 avenue Charles Flahault, 34093 Montpellier cedex 5, France

Corinne Renault

     Laboratoire d’Antibiologie, Institut de Bactériologie, 3 rue Koeberlé, 67000 Strasbourg, France

Jean-Pierre Chaumont

     Laboratoire de Botanique et de Cryptogamie, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, Place Saint Jacques, 25030 Besançon cedex, France

Amatoxins, bicyclic octapeptide derivatives responsible for severe hepatic failure, are present in several Basidiomycota species belonging to four genera, i.e. Amanita, Conocybe, Galerina and Lepiota. DNA studies for G. autumnalis, G. marginata, G. oregonensis, G. unicolor and G. venenata (section Naucoriopsis) determined that these species are the same, supporting the concept of Galerina marginata complex. These mostly lignicolous species are designated as white-rot fungi having a broad host range and capable of degrading both hardwoods and softwoods. Twenty-seven G. marginata basidiomes taken from different sites and hosts (three sets) as well as 17 A. phalloides specimens (three sets) were collected in French locations. The 44 basidiomes were examined for amatoxins and phallotoxins using high-performance liquid chromatography. Toxinological data for the wood-rotting G. marginata and the ectomycorrhizal A. phalloides species were compared and statistically analyzed. The acidic and neutral phallotoxins were not detected in any G. marginata specimen, whereas the acidic (ß-Ama) and neutral (-Ama and -Ama) amanitins were found in all basidiomes from either Angiosperms or Gymnosperms hosts. The G. marginata amatoxin content varied from 78.17 to 243.61 µg.mg^–1 of fresh weight and was elevated significantly in one set out of three. The amanitin amounts from certain Galerina specimens were higher than those from some A. phalloides basidiomes. Relationship between the amanitin distribution and the chemical composition of substrate was underlined and statistically validated for the white-rot G. marginata. Changes in nutritional components from decayed host due to enzymatic systems and genetic factors as well as environmental conditions seem to play a determinant role in the amanitin profile. Variability noticed in the amanitin distribution for the white-rot G. marginata basidiomes was not observed for the ectomycorrhizal A. phalloides specimens.

Key words: amanitins, Basidiomycota, Galerina, white-rot fungi

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