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Agricultural Institute of Slovenia, Ljubljana, Slovenia
Kerry O’Donnell
National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Peoria, Illinois 61604
Sandra C. Lamprecht
ARC-Plant Protection Research Institute, Stellenbosch 7599, South Africa
Patricia L. Kammeyer
Stuart Johnson
Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois 60153
Deanna A. Sutton
Michael G. Rinaldi
Fungus Testing Laboratory, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Texas 78229
David M. Geiser
Department of Plant Pathology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
Richard C. Summerbell
Sporometrics Inc., 219 Dufferin Street, Suite 20C, Toronto, Ontario, M6K 1Y9, Canada; CBS Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands
The morphospecies Fusarium dimerum, known only from its anamorph, comprises at least 12 phylogenetically distinct species. Analyses of the large subunit ribosomal DNA (LSU rDNA) show they are taxa of the Nectriaceae (Hypocreales), related to F. domesticum and form a phylogenetically distinct clade within Fusarium. Fusarium dimerum, for which no herbarium material could be located, is characterized by macroconidia with a single, median septum, according to the original description and illustration. Fusarium lunatum (= F. dimerum var. violaceum) forms similar but longer macroconidia and purple, catenate or clustered chlamydospores. Fusarium delphinoides sp. nov., F. biseptatum sp. nov., F. penzigii sp. nov., F. nectrioides comb. nov. (= F. dimerum var. nectrioides) and two unnamed Fusarium spp. produce macroconidia with mostly two or rarely three septa. The name F. dimerum, which originally was applied to a fungus from a citron, is used for a taxon including isolates causing infections in immunocompetent and immunocompromised patients. Fusarium nectrioides, F. delphinoides, F. penzigii and F. biseptatum are known from soil and dead plant substrata or rarely as agents of trauma-related eye infections of humans. Fusarium lunatum is an inhabitant of the cladodes of species within the cactus genera Opuntia and Gymnocalycium. Its unnamed closest sister taxon, which also forms 1-septate macroconidia and purple, clustered chlamydospores, was isolated from a human sinus. Fusarium delphinoides is a pathogen of the cactus-like African species Hoodia gordonii (Apocynaceae). Phylogenetic analyses based on combined sequences of the internal transcribed spacer region, LSU rDNA and partial sequences of the elongation factor 1-alpha and beta-tubulin genes identified a clade of several species producing predominately 2-septate macroconidia as the reciprocally monophyletic sister of F. dimerum. The basal sister group of the two aforementioned clades includes Fusarium lunatum and two undescribed species, all of which form 1-septate macroconidia.
Key words: β-tubulin gene, DNA barcoding, Hoodia pathogens, Hypocreales, internal transcribed spacer region, large subunit of ribosomal DNA, microcodes, Microdochium, morphology, opportunistic human pathogens, phylogeny, translation elongation factor 1 
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  K. O'Donnell, D. A. Sutton, M. G. Rinaldi, C. Gueidan, P. W. Crous, and D. M. Geiser Novel Multilocus Sequence Typing Scheme Reveals High Genetic Diversity of Human Pathogenic Members of the Fusarium incarnatum-F. equiseti and F. chlamydosporum Species Complexes within the United States J. Clin. Microbiol., December 1, 2009; 47(12): 3851 - 3861. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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